Atributos químicos de Latossolo após sucessivas aplicações de composto orgânico de dejeto líquido de suínos

The objective of this work was to determine changes in the chemical attributes of an Oxisol after successive applications of organic compounds with pig slurry and wood shavings, under a no‑tillage system. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Chapecó, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in an Oxisol, from September 2005 to August 2011. The doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 Mg ha-1 compound with pig slurry and shavings were applied annually, as well as a treatment with mineral fertilizer (NPK). After six applications, soil was collected at the 0–4, 4–8, 8–12, 12–16, 16–20, 20–40, and 40–60‑cm layers and the chemical attributes were evaluated. The highest doses of the organic compound increased soil pH and reduced potential acidity. The applications of the organic compound derived from swine manure and wood shavings promoted changes in the chemical attributes of the evaluated Oxisol, especially in the upper soil layers, with greater emphasis on increased soil pH and P, K, Cu, and Zn contents. The use of 4 Mg ha-1 of the compound maintains the soil chemical attributes similar to those of the NPK treatment, which followed official recommendation for the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, besides keeping the P content in the surface layers within the environmental critical limit for soils with high clay content.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as alterações em atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho após aplicações sucessivas de composto orgânico de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido em Chapecó, SC, em Latossolo Vermelho, de setembro de 2005 a agosto de 2011. Foram aplicadas anualmente as doses de 0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1 de composto de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, além de um tratamento com adubação mineral (NPK). Após seis aplicações, coletaram-se amostras de solo nas camadas de 0–4, 4–8, 8–12, 12–16, 16–20, 20–40 e 40–60 cm e avaliaram-se os atributos químicos. As maiores doses do composto orgânico incrementaram o pH do solo e reduziram a acidez potencial. As aplicações de composto orgânico derivado de dejeto de suínos e maravalha promoveram alterações nos atributos químicos do Latossolo Vermelho avaliado, especialmente nas camadas superficiais do solo, com maior ênfase para aumento do pH do solo e dos teores de P, K, Cu e Zn. A utilização de 4 Mg ha-1 do composto mantém os atributos químicos do solo semelhantes aos do tratamento NPK, que seguiu recomendação oficial para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, além de manter os teores de P nas camadas superficiais dentro do limite crítico ambiental para solos com altos teores de argila

Produtividade de uvas e composição do mosto de videiras ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ fertilizadas com composto orgânico e ureia

Urea and organic compost are applied as a nitrogen (N) source in vineyards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, total N content in the leaves and the must composition in grapevines with the application of organic compost and urea. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines, in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 crop seasons were subjected to the application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the form of organic compost and urea; but there were also unfertilized grapevines. In both crop seasons, leaves were collected at the stages of full flowering and at the change in color of the berries, and the total N content were analyzed; grape yield was evaluated and enological attributes were determined in the must. The application of organic compost and urea did not affect the N content in the leaf nor the grape yield in the second crop season evaluated. However, in the first crop season, grape yield was greater in the grapevines with application of organic compost to the soil. The addition of N sources did not affect the total nutrient content in the must but, in the second crop season, the grape must from the grapevines with the addition of organic compost had a lower soluble solids concentration and a higher total acidity value, as well as tartaric and malic acid values.A ureia e o composto orgânico são aplicados em vinhedos como fonte de nitrogênio (N). O estudo objetivou avaliar a produtividade, o teor de N total em folhas e a composição do mosto em videiras submetidas à aplicação de composto orgânico e ureia. Videiras ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010 foram submetidas à aplicação de 40 kg de N ha-1 na forma de composto orgânico e ureia, mas videiras também não foram adubadas. Nas duas safras foram coletadas folhas no florescimento e na mudança da cor das bagas, preparadas e submetidas à análise de N total. A produção de uva foi avaliada e atributos enológicos foram determinados no mosto. A aplicação de composto orgânico e ureia não afetou o teor de N total nas folhas e a produção de uva na segunda safra avaliada. Mas, na primeira safra, a produção de uva foi maior nas videiras submetidas à aplicação com composto orgânico no solo. A adição de fontes de N não afetou o conteúdo de nutrientes no mosto mas, na segunda safra, o mosto da uva derivado das plantas com a adição de composto orgânico apresentou baixo teor de sólidos solúveis totais, maior valor de acidez, ácido tartárico e ácido málico

Potential of mitigation of n losses with stabilized fertilers in maize in southern Brazil

Um dos principais desafios agronômicos atuais é o aumento da eficiência do N aplicado na cultura do milho, cuja ureia é o principal fertilizante utilizado e a volatilização de amônia (NH3) é uma das principais formas de perda de N. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de inibidores de urease e/ou de nitrificação à ureia (U) na mitigação das perdas de N-NH3 por volatilização, na eficiência agronômica da adubação nitrogenada e no rendimento do milho na região Sul do Brasil. No Estudo 1, experimentos foram conduzidos no sistema plantio direto (SPD), na safra 2016/17, em Eldorado do Sul, Passo Fundo e Guarapuava, nos quais foram avaliadas as seguintes fontes de N: (i) ureia comum (U), (ii) U+inibidor de urease (NBPT), além de um tratamento controle sem aplicação de N (iii). No estudo 2, um experimento foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul, nas safras 2015/16 e 2016/17, no qual foram avaliados as seguintes fontes de N: (i) U, (ii) U +NBPT, (iii) U+DCD, (iv) U+NBPT+DCD, além de um tratamento controle sem aplicação de N (v). Visando avaliar o efeito das fontes de N na amonificação (NH4 +), nitrificação (NO3 -) e no pH do solo, conduziu-se um estudo de incubação em laboratório, onde foi aplicada uma dose de N equivalente a 400 kg ha-1 de N aos respectivos solos coletados das áreas experimentais dos diferentes locais e utilizando as mesmas fontes de N utilizadas nos estudos 1 e 2. Em ambos os estudos de campo, o inibidor de urease NBPT foi eficiente na redução da volatilização de N-NH3 em 50-85% em relação à ureia comum, a qual foi variável com o tipo de solo e condições climáticas no período de avaliação. A eficiência do NBPT a campo foi confirmada no estudo de incubação pela redução dos teores de NH4 + no segundo dia de incubação de 217-224 mg kg-1 de N- NH4 + com a aplicação de ureia comum para 72-109 mg kg-1 de N-NH4 + no tratamento U+NBPT, além dos menores incrementos do pH do solo. Por sua vez, os resultados dos experimentos de campo (rendimento de milho) e o experimento de laboratório (teor de NO3 -) sugerem que o DCD não foi eficiente na diminuição das taxas de nitrificação e no aumento da eficiência do fertilizante.One of the main current agronomic challenges is improve in efficiency of N applied on maize crop, and urea (U) is the main N fertilizer used and volatilization of ammonia (NH3) is one of the main forms of loss of N. The aim of this study were evaluate the efficiency of urease inhibitors (NBPT) and/or nitrification (DCD) on mitigate U losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization and on the agronomic efficiency of N fertilization and maize yield in Southern Brazil. In study 1, experiments were conducted in no-till system, during the 2016/17 agricultural crop, located at Eldorado do Sul, Passo Fundo and Guarapuava, where the following N sources were evaluated: (i) U, (ii) U + urease inhibitor (NBPT), and (iii) the control treatment without application of N. In study 2, the experiment was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 agricultural crop, where the following N sources were evaluated: (i) U, (ii) U + NBPT, (iii) U + DCD, (iv) U + NBPT + DCD, besides the control treatment without application of N (v). In order to evaluate the effect of N sources on ammonification (NH4 +), nitrification (NO3 -) and soil pH, a laboratory incubation study was conducted, where a rate of equivalent application to N to 400 kg ha-1 to the respective soils collected from the experimental areas of the different sites and using the same N sources used in studies 1 and 2. In both field studies, the NBPT urease inhibitor was efficient in reducing N-NH3 volatilization by 50-85% relative to U, that was dependent on soil type and climatic conditions during the evaluation period. The efficiency of NBPT observed in the field studies was confirmed by the incubation study due to reducing NH4 + contents on the second day of incubation from 217-224 mg kg-1 N-NH4 + under common urea application to 72-109 mg kg-1 of N-NH4 + under U + NBPT treatment, in addition to reducing the soil pH. The data of field experiment (maize yield and volatilization losses) and the laboratory experiments (content of NO3 -) suggest that DCD inhibitor was not efficient in reduce nitrification rates and favor the improvement in fertilizer efficiency

Potential of mitigation of n losses with stabilized fertilers in maize in southern Brazil

Um dos principais desafios agronômicos atuais é o aumento da eficiência do N aplicado na cultura do milho, cuja ureia é o principal fertilizante utilizado e a volatilização de amônia (NH3) é uma das principais formas de perda de N. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de inibidores de urease e/ou de nitrificação à ureia (U) na mitigação das perdas de N-NH3 por volatilização, na eficiência agronômica da adubação nitrogenada e no rendimento do milho na região Sul do Brasil. No Estudo 1, experimentos foram conduzidos no sistema plantio direto (SPD), na safra 2016/17, em Eldorado do Sul, Passo Fundo e Guarapuava, nos quais foram avaliadas as seguintes fontes de N: (i) ureia comum (U), (ii) U+inibidor de urease (NBPT), além de um tratamento controle sem aplicação de N (iii). No estudo 2, um experimento foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul, nas safras 2015/16 e 2016/17, no qual foram avaliados as seguintes fontes de N: (i) U, (ii) U +NBPT, (iii) U+DCD, (iv) U+NBPT+DCD, além de um tratamento controle sem aplicação de N (v). Visando avaliar o efeito das fontes de N na amonificação (NH4 +), nitrificação (NO3 -) e no pH do solo, conduziu-se um estudo de incubação em laboratório, onde foi aplicada uma dose de N equivalente a 400 kg ha-1 de N aos respectivos solos coletados das áreas experimentais dos diferentes locais e utilizando as mesmas fontes de N utilizadas nos estudos 1 e 2. Em ambos os estudos de campo, o inibidor de urease NBPT foi eficiente na redução da volatilização de N-NH3 em 50-85% em relação à ureia comum, a qual foi variável com o tipo de solo e condições climáticas no período de avaliação. A eficiência do NBPT a campo foi confirmada no estudo de incubação pela redução dos teores de NH4 + no segundo dia de incubação de 217-224 mg kg-1 de N- NH4 + com a aplicação de ureia comum para 72-109 mg kg-1 de N-NH4 + no tratamento U+NBPT, além dos menores incrementos do pH do solo. Por sua vez, os resultados dos experimentos de campo (rendimento de milho) e o experimento de laboratório (teor de NO3 -) sugerem que o DCD não foi eficiente na diminuição das taxas de nitrificação e no aumento da eficiência do fertilizante.One of the main current agronomic challenges is improve in efficiency of N applied on maize crop, and urea (U) is the main N fertilizer used and volatilization of ammonia (NH3) is one of the main forms of loss of N. The aim of this study were evaluate the efficiency of urease inhibitors (NBPT) and/or nitrification (DCD) on mitigate U losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization and on the agronomic efficiency of N fertilization and maize yield in Southern Brazil. In study 1, experiments were conducted in no-till system, during the 2016/17 agricultural crop, located at Eldorado do Sul, Passo Fundo and Guarapuava, where the following N sources were evaluated: (i) U, (ii) U + urease inhibitor (NBPT), and (iii) the control treatment without application of N. In study 2, the experiment was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 agricultural crop, where the following N sources were evaluated: (i) U, (ii) U + NBPT, (iii) U + DCD, (iv) U + NBPT + DCD, besides the control treatment without application of N (v). In order to evaluate the effect of N sources on ammonification (NH4 +), nitrification (NO3 -) and soil pH, a laboratory incubation study was conducted, where a rate of equivalent application to N to 400 kg ha-1 to the respective soils collected from the experimental areas of the different sites and using the same N sources used in studies 1 and 2. In both field studies, the NBPT urease inhibitor was efficient in reducing N-NH3 volatilization by 50-85% relative to U, that was dependent on soil type and climatic conditions during the evaluation period. The efficiency of NBPT observed in the field studies was confirmed by the incubation study due to reducing NH4 + contents on the second day of incubation from 217-224 mg kg-1 N-NH4 + under common urea application to 72-109 mg kg-1 of N-NH4 + under U + NBPT treatment, in addition to reducing the soil pH. The data of field experiment (maize yield and volatilization losses) and the laboratory experiments (content of NO3 -) suggest that DCD inhibitor was not efficient in reduce nitrification rates and favor the improvement in fertilizer efficiency

Use of BioGran and Calcitite in bone defects: Histologic study in monkeys (Cebus apella)

The present study compares the biologic behavior of BioGran and Calcitite as fillers for surgical cavities in the mandibles of 4 adult monkeys (Cebus apella). The surgical cavities were prepared through both mandibular cortices, with a diameter of 5 mm, in the angle region. Two cavities were prepared on the right side and 1 on the left and divided into 3 groups: R-1 sites were filled with bioglass (BioGran), R, sites were not filled, and L sites were filled with hydroxyapatite (Calcitite). After 180 days the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were removed for histologic processing. Results showed no bone formation in group R, (empty cavities). BioGran-treated sites showed bone formation and total repair of the bone defect, and the bioglass particles were almost totally resorbed and substituted by bone. The few remaining crystals were in intimate contact with newly formed bone. Calcitite did not allow bone formation, and granules inside the cavities were involved by connective tissue. Based upon those results, the authors concluded that bioglass resulted in total obliteration of the surgical cavity with bone and hydroxyapatite was present in a large amount and involved by connective tissue, without bone formation

Utilization of autogenous bone, bioactive glasses, and calcium phosphate cement in surgical mandibular bone defects in Cebus apella monkeys

Purpose: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the histologic results of bone cavities that were surgically created in the mandibles of Cebus apella monkeys and filled with autogenous bone, PerioGlas, FillerBone, or Bone Source. Materials and Methods: Surgical cavities 5 mm in diameter were prepared through both mandibular cortices in the mandibular angle region. The cavities were randomly filled, and the animals were divided into groups according to the material employed: Group 1 cavities were filled with autogenous corticocancellous bone; group 2 cavities were filled with calcium phosphate cement (BoneSource); and group 3 and group 4 cavities were filled with bioactive glass (FillerBone and PerioGlas, respectively). After 180 days the animals were sacrificed, and specimens were prepared following routine laboratory procedures for hematoxylin/eosin staining and histologic evaluation. Results: the histologic analysis showed that autogenous bone allowed total repair of the bone defects; bioactive glasses (FillerBone and PerioGlas) allowed total repair of the defects with intimate contact of the remaining granules and newly formed bone; and the cavities filled with calcium phosphate cement (BoneSource) were generally filled by connective fibrous tissue, and the material was almost totally resorbed. Discussion: the autogenous bone, FillerBone, and PerioGlas provided results similar to those in the current literature, showing that autogenous bone is the best Choice for filling critical-size defects. Synthetic implanted materials demonstrated biocompatibility, but the bioglasses demonstrated osteoconductive activity that did not occur with calcium phosphate (BoneSource). Conclusion: According to the methodology used in this study, it can be concluded that the utilization of autogenous bone and bioactive glasses permitted the repair of surgically created critical-size defects by newly formed bone; the synthetic implanted materials demonstrated biocompatibility, and the bioactive glasses demonstrated osteoconductive activity. The PerioGlas was mostly resorbed and replaced by bone and the remaining granules were in close contact with bone; the FillerBone showed many granules in contact with the newly formed bone; BoneSource did not permit repair of the critical-size defects, and the defects were generally filled by connective fibrous tissue

Clay Mineralogy of Subtropical Soils under Long-Term Organic Fertilization in No-Tillage Systems

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Organic fertilization effect on physical-chemical properties in no-tillage systems in tropical soils has been widely investigated, but little is known about the effects of this practice on the mineralogy of the clay fraction. This study aimed to evaluate the clay-fraction mineralogy of two subtropical soils, fertilized with organic residues in long-term no-tillage systems. An Alfisol fertilized with 0, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 yr-1 pig slurry was evaluated for eight years, and an Oxisol with 0, 8, and 16 Mg ha-1 of wood shavings with pig slurry, for six years. Soil samples from the layers 0.00-0.04, 0.04-0.08, and 0.16-0.20 m were collected and subjected to chemical extractions with DCB and oxalate, X-ray diffractometry, and thermal analysis. No mineralogical changes in the clay fraction were observed in either the Alfisol or Oxisol. The chemical dissolution data indicated no significant differences among the tested treatments with regard to the re-precipitation of low-crystallinity oxides. However, the increase in zinc extracted by DCB and zinc extracted by oxalate in the treatments with residue application was clear. The crystallinity data efficiently indicated the effects of residue rates on soil mineralogy only in the Alfisol; the increasing slurry rates induced a reduction in the percentage of hematite, increase in the percentage of goethite, increase in the Gt/Gt+Hm ratio and decreased the mean crystal diameter of goethite and hematite.</p></div

Pig slurry and nutrient accumulation and dry matter and grain yield in various crops

Pig slurry (PS) represents an important nutrient source for plants and using it as fertilizer makes greater nutrient cycling in the environment possible. The aim of this study was to assess how PS application over a period of years can affect grain yield, dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in commercial grain and cover crops. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, from May 2000 to January 2008. In this period, 19 grain and cover crops were grown with PS application before sowing, at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m³ ha-1. The highest PS rate led to an increase in nutrient availability over the years, notably of P, but also of nutrients that are potentially toxic to plants, especially Cu and Zn. The apparent recovery of nutrients by commercial grain and cover crops decreased with the increasing number of PS applications to the soil. Accumulated dry matter production of the crops and maize grain yield were highest at an annual application rate of 80 m³ ha-1 PS. However, common bean yield increased up to 20 m³ ha-1 PS, showing that the crop to be grown should be considered to define the application rate