Aplicación móvil para la asistencia en el desarrollo de diagramas de flujo

El campo de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación – TIC – es muy amplio y su desarrollo y aplicación es cada vez mayor, de ahí que sea una de las líneas de investigación de ingeniería, en la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia y que tenga una variedad de 7 sublíneas de investigación (Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, s.f.). Además del uso generalizado de las TIC en el ámbito social y de las comunicaciones, una de las mayores aplicaciones se da en la educación, en todos sus niveles de aprendizaje. “Se contempla como una gran oportunidad la incorporación de las TIC en las aulas de todos los niveles y de todas las etapas educativas”. (Cabrero, Leiva, Moreno, Barroso, & López, 2016), dado que ofrece herramientas útiles para la investigación y el desarrollo científico y pueden ayudar a convertir el aula en un espacio más moderno e innovador. El objetivo de este estudio es Implementar un prototipo de aplicación móvil que asista al usuario en el desarrollo de diagramas de flujo, que cumplan con las reglas establecidas de notación y sintaxis. Con este fin, la pregunta de investigación es la siguiente: ¿Cómo se puede mejorar la comprensión de la notación y sintaxis en el diseño de diagramas de flujo, que representan algoritmos, utilizando una estrategia de asistencia didáctica, que incluya la utilización de una aplicación móvil interactiva?, la pregunta de investigación se responde a través de la implementación del prototipo de aplicación móvil a los estudiantes de primer semestre de ingeniería.The field of Information and Communication Technologies - ICT - is very broad and its development and application is increasing, hence it is one of the engineering research lines at the Cooperative University of Colombia and has a variety of 7 research sub-lines (Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, nd). In addition to the widespread use of ICT in the social and communication fields, one of the greatest applications is in education, at all levels of learning. "The incorporation of ICT in classrooms at all levels and at all educational stages is seen as a great opportunity." (Cabrero, Leiva, Moreno, Barroso, & López, 2016) since it offers useful tools for scientific research and development and can help turn the classroom into a more modern and innovative space. The objective of this study is to implement a mobile application prototype that assists the user in the development of flowcharts, which comply with the established rules of notation and syntax. To this end, the research question is the following: How can the understanding of notation and syntax be improved in the design of flowcharts, which represent algorithms, using a didactic assistance strategy, which includes the use of an application interactive mobile? the research question is answered through the implementation of the mobile application prototype to first-semester engineering students.Definición del Proyecto -- Descripción del problema -- Objetivos -- Objetivo General -- Objetivos específicos -- Justificación -- Metodología -- Marco Teórico -- Estado del arte -- Diagramas de flujo -- Herramientas de desarrollo -- Entornos de desarrollo -- Lenguajes de programación -- IDE de desarrollo -- Editores de Código -- Librerías útiles para el reconocimiento de figuras -- Virtualización -- Compilación -- Programación con widget -- Diseño -- FASE I: Requisitos -- FASE II: Planificación -- Cronograma de actividades -- FASE III: Diseño -- Mockups Iniciales -- Mensajes iniciales de alertas -- Entrega final del diseño -- Mensajes finales -- FASE IV: Programación -- FASE V: Pruebas -- Desarrollo de la aplicación -- Mapa de navegación de la aplicación -- Resultados -- Conclusiones -- Referentes -- bibliográficos

An Overview of Variational Integrators

The purpose of this paper is to survey some recent advances in variational integrators for both finite dimensional mechanical systems as well as continuum mechanics. These advances include the general development of discrete mechanics, applications to dissipative systems, collisions, spacetime integration algorithms, AVI’s (Asynchronous Variational Integrators), as well as reduction for discrete mechanical systems. To keep the article within the set limits, we will only treat each topic briefly and will not attempt to develop any particular topic in any depth. We hope, nonetheless, that this paper serves as a useful guide to the literature as well as to future directions and open problems in the subject

Circulation of Highly Drug-Resistant Clostridium difficile Ribotypes 027 and 001 in Two Tertiary-Care Hospitals in Mexico

© 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.OBJECTIVE: To assess drug susceptibility and characterize Clostridium difficile ribotypes in isolates from two tertiary-care hospitals in Mexico. METHODS: Isolates were evaluated for genotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of mutations associated with drug resistance. PCR ribotyping was performed using a combination of gel-based and capillary electrophoresis-based approaches. RESULTS: MIC50 and MIC90 were ≥128 mg/L for ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and rifampicin. There was no reduced susceptibility to metronidazole or tetracycline; however, reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (≥4 mg/L) and fidaxomicin (≥2 mg/L) was detected in 50 (40.3%) and 4 (3.2%) isolates, respectively. Furthermore, the rpoB Arg505Lys mutation was more frequently detected in isolates with high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to rifampicin (≥32 mg/L) (OR = 52.5; 95% CI = 5.17-532.6; p < 0.000). Of the 124 C. difficile isolates recovered, 84 (66.7%) were of ribotype 027, 18 (14.5%) of ribotype 001, and the remainder were other ribotypes (353, 255, 220, 208, 176, 106, 076, 020, 019, 017, 014, 012, 003, and 002). CONCLUSION: Ribotypes 027 and 001 were the most frequent C. difficile isolates recovered in this study, and demonstrated higher MICs. Furthermore, we found four isolates with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin, raising a concern since this drug is currently unavailable in Mexican Hospitals.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

IMPACT OF SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS ON THE PHENOMENON OF CORRUPTION: AN INTERNATIONAL EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

This paper identiies the type of incidence of the Supreme Audit Institutionson the phenomenon of corruption, through statistical analysisfor a sample of 78 countries. Statistical methodology for panel datais used. The results demonstrate that is statistical evidence of positiveeffects. Fixed effects across countries are different, which demonstratethat there are, for each unit of study differential effects of control oncorruption. It cannot be interpreted the degree of impact, nonethelessthe results are robust and signiicant

Scale-Space Hypernetworks for Efficient Biomedical Imaging

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are the predominant model used for a variety of medical image analysis tasks. At inference time, these models are computationally intensive, especially with volumetric data. In principle, it is possible to trade accuracy for computational efficiency by manipulating the rescaling factor in the downsample and upsample layers of CNN architectures. However, properly exploring the accuracy-efficiency trade-off is prohibitively expensive with existing models. To address this, we introduce Scale-Space HyperNetworks (SSHN), a method that learns a spectrum of CNNs with varying internal rescaling factors. A single SSHN characterizes an entire Pareto accuracy-efficiency curve of models that match, and occasionally surpass, the outcomes of training many separate networks with fixed rescaling factors. We demonstrate the proposed approach in several medical image analysis applications, comparing SSHN against strategies with both fixed and dynamic rescaling factors. We find that SSHN consistently provides a better accuracy-efficiency trade-off at a fraction of the training cost. Trained SSHNs enable the user to quickly choose a rescaling factor that appropriately balances accuracy and computational efficiency for their particular needs at inference.Comment: Code available at https://github.com/JJGO/scale-space-hypernetwork

Magnitude Invariant Parametrizations Improve Hypernetwork Learning

Hypernetworks, neural networks that predict the parameters of another neural network, are powerful models that have been successfully used in diverse applications from image generation to multi-task learning. Unfortunately, existing hypernetworks are often challenging to train. Training typically converges far more slowly than for non-hypernetwork models, and the rate of convergence can be very sensitive to hyperparameter choices. In this work, we identify a fundamental and previously unidentified problem that contributes to the challenge of training hypernetworks: a magnitude proportionality between the inputs and outputs of the hypernetwork. We demonstrate both analytically and empirically that this can lead to unstable optimization, thereby slowing down convergence, and sometimes even preventing any learning. We present a simple solution to this problem using a revised hypernetwork formulation that we call Magnitude Invariant Parametrizations (MIP). We demonstrate the proposed solution on several hypernetwork tasks, where it consistently stabilizes training and achieves faster convergence. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive ablation study including choices of activation function, normalization strategies, input dimensionality, and hypernetwork architecture; and find that MIP improves training in all scenarios. We provide easy-to-use code that can turn existing networks into MIP-based hypernetworks.Comment: Source code at https://github.com/JJGO/hyperligh

On the Hierarchical Preconditioning of the PMCHWT Integral Equation on Simply and Multiply Connected Geometries

We present a hierarchical basis preconditioning strategy for the Poggio-Miller-Chang-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) integral equation considering both simply and multiply connected geometries.To this end, we first consider the direct application of hierarchical basis preconditioners, developed for the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE), to the PMCHWT. It is notably found that, whereas for the EFIE a diagonal preconditioner can be used for obtaining the hierarchical basis scaling factors, this strategy is catastrophic in the case of the PMCHWT since it leads to a severly ill-conditioned PMCHWT system in the case of multiply connected geometries. We then proceed to a theoretical analysis of the effect of hierarchical bases on the PMCHWT operator for which we obtain the correct scaling factors and a provably effective preconditioner for both low frequencies and mesh refinements. Numerical results will corroborate the theory and show the effectiveness of our approach

El “Divided Government” en los Estados Unidos. Causas, dinámicas y efectos sobre sistema político y constitucional norteamericano

El presente trabajo de investigación, al que hemos querido brindar el título de El Divided Government en los Estados Unidos: causas, dinámicas y efectos sobre el sistema político y constitucional norteamericano, ja sido elaborado en el marco del Programa de Doctorado en Derecho, Ciencia Política y Criminología de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Valencia. Su objeto es abordar con toda la profundidad que esté a nuestro alcance la práctica o la institución del Divided Government (en adelante, Gobierno Dividido) en los Estados Unidos, cuya vigencia en determinados periodos de gobierno de esta nación a generado interesantes consecuencias, y que ha cobrado una especial importancia en las últimas décadas. La oportunidad de esta cuestión es clara: nos encontramos ante el país más poderoso en la escena internacional, por lo que las relaciones entre naciones no tendrían sentido sin él. Y no solo en el ámbito diplomático o militar: desde el punto de vista económico se trata de la primera potencia mundial, por delante de China. A ello hay que sumar que su modelo político y constitucional es todo un ejemplo y ha sido imitado por muchos países, tanto en América como en otros continentes. En el lenguaje político estadounidense la expresión “Gobierno Dividido” se utiliza de manera cotidiana para referirse a aquella situación en la que cada una de las dos principales instituciones políticas de los EE. UU., el Congreso y la Presidencia, son controladas respectivamente, por uno de los dos principales partidos del país. Es decir; cuando –por un lado– nos encontramos con un presidente demócrata y un Congreso republicano, o –por el contrario– con un Congreso de mayoría demócrata y un presidente republicano. Una peculiar situación que, como es obvio, obliga al desarrollo de unas normas de cohabitación o entendimiento mutuo que permitan impulsar la agenda legislativa nacional y mantener la coordinación entre sus instituciones, y conduce a una situación en la cual las relaciones entre los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo cobran una relevancia sin igual. En resumen, justificamos la importancia de abordar este tema por las razones que a continuación se enumeran: 1. Los Estados Unidos de América son la principal superpotencia, desde el punto de vista político, económico y militar, de la escena internacional. 2. El sistema político y constitucional de los Estados Unidos ha sido objeto de debate y extrapolación en otros muchos ordenamientos nacionales, como símbolo de una perfecta separación de poderes. 3. La actual coyuntura política, no solo en los Estados Unidos, sino también global, hace necesario un análisis en profundidad de la principal democracia del mundo. 4. La figura del Gobierno Dividido tiene su homólogo europeo en la llamada cohabitación política, encarnada en la Francia de la Quinta República. 5. Un análisis exhaustivo de las relaciones entre los poderes legislativo y ejecutivo en este país —esto es, entre el Congreso y la Presidencia— permite a su vez comprender la importancia de las relaciones políticas en los Estados Unidos. 6. Así pues, el análisis del Gobierno Dividido, tanto en la situación actual como en otras del pasado, resulta necesario para comprender no solo las pautas recogidas en la Constitución, sino también cómo funcionan las relaciones partido-Presidencia y partido-Congreso en el sistema político estadounidense.This research work, to which we wanted to give the title of The Divided Government in the United States: causes, dynamics and effects on the American political and constitutional system, has been developed within the framework of the Doctorate Program in Law, Political Science and Criminology of the Faculty of Law of the University of Valencia. Its purpose is to address with all the depth that is within our reach the practice or institution of Divided Government (hereinafter, Divided Government) in the United States, whose validity in certain periods of government of this nation has generated interesting consequences, and that has gained special importance in recent decades. The opportunity of this issue is clear: we are facing the most powerful country on the international scene, so relations between nations would not make sense without it. And not only in the diplomatic or military field: from the economic point of view it is the first world power, ahead of China. To this we must add that its political and constitutional model is an example and has been imitated by many countries, both in America and on other continents. In American political language, the expression “Divided Government” is used on a daily basis to refer to that situation in which each of the two main political institutions of the United States, the Congress and the Presidency, are controlled, respectively, by one of the two main parties in the country. Namely; when –on the one hand– we find ourselves with a Democratic president and a Republican Congress, or –on the contrary– with a Democratic-majority Congress and a Republican president. A peculiar situation that, as is obvious, requires the development of rules of cohabitation or mutual understanding that allow the promotion of the national legislative agenda and maintain coordination between its institutions, and leads to a situation in which relations between the executive and legislation take on unparalleled relevance. In summary, we justify the importance of addressing this topic for the reasons listed below: 1. The United States of America is the main superpower, from the political, economic and military point of view, on the international scene. 2. The political and constitutional system of the United States has been the subject of debate and extrapolation in many other national systems, as a symbol of a perfect separation of powers. 3. The current political situation, not only in the United States, but also globally, requires an in-depth analysis of the world's leading democracy. 4. The figure of the Divided Government has its European counterpart in the so-called political cohabitation, embodied in the France of the Fifth Republic. 5. An exhaustive analysis of the relations between the legislative and executive powers in this country—that is, between Congress and the Presidency—in turn allows us to understand the importance of political relations in the United States. 6. Thus, the analysis of the Divided Government, both in the current situation and in others in the past, is necessary to understand not only the guidelines contained in the Constitution, but also how party-Presidency and party-Congress relations work in the American political system

La Autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación y la Calidad Educativa en la Institución Educativa N° 20955-15 Las Viñas de Media Luna del distrito de San Antonio, UGEL N° 15 de Huarochirí

El presente estudio buscó determinar la relación que existe entre la autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación y la Calidad Educativa en la Institución Educativa N° 20955-15 las Viñas de Media Luna, del distrito de San Antonio, UGEL N°15, Huarochirí, 2018. Esta investigación es de enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación es básica o sustantiva, de diseño descriptivo correlacional, con una muestra no probabilística censal, es decir, estuvo constituida por la misma cantidad de la población 30 docentes de la Institución Educativa N° 20955-15 las Viñas de Media Luna del distrito de San Antonio, UGEL N°15 de Huarochirí. A ellos se les aplicó dos instrumentos, un cuestionario para medir los instrumentos de autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación y otro para medir la calidad educativa. Los datos obtenidos nos permitieron recoger la información y medir las variables para efectuar las correlaciones y comparaciones correspondientes; la primera para medir la variable 1 (Autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación) y la segunda para medir la variable 2 (calidad educativa) luego del análisis de los resultados. Al efectuar la correlación entre los instrumentos de Autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación y la calidad educativa, se encontró una correlación directa considerable donde rho=0,831 y el valor de significancia p=0,00, por lo cual, se cumple que (p<0,05). De esta manera se afirma que Existe relación significativa entre la Autoevaluación como proceso de Acreditación y la Calidad Educativa en la Institución Educativa N° 20955-15 las Viñas de Media Luna del distrito de San Antonio, UGEL N°15 de Huarochirí, (p < 0,05 = relación significativa; Rho de Spearman = 0,831; Correlación positiva considerable).Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle.Tesi

Evaluation of temporal and spatial indicators of regime shifts in shallow lakes

Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency, scope, duration, and intensity across the globe. Aquatic ecosystems are negatively affected by HABs, which endanger ecosystem health, human health, and ecosystem services. As such, being able to predict when HABs are going to occur is necessary to prevent or mitigate the negative effects of these events. Freshwater algal blooms are considered a regime shift from clear-water to an algae dominated state. High frequency data simulation and high frequency monitoring of lakes under experimental conditions suggest that statistical early warning indicators (EWIs) such as a rise in autocorrelation (AC) and variance, which can also be measured as the standard deviation (SD) occur before a regime shift. Chapter 1 presents a post hoc analysis of temporal EWI detection of the regime shift from a clear state to an algal-dominated state in four shallow, hypereutrophic non-experimental lakes. We evaluated EWIs for four state variables (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, dissolved oxygen, and pH) and two statistical indicators (rises in AC and SD). In addition to our investigation of temporal EWIs in impaired shallow lakes, Chapter 2 explores spatial patterns of state variables prior to, during, and after a regime shift has occurred in a lake. In order to describe these spatial patterns, we sampled state variables weekly across a shallow hypereutrophic lake and examined spatial AC and SD over time. The four study lakes monitored for Chapter 1 vary in depth, area, shoreline development index, and nutrient concentrations. These ecosystems are in many ways the opposite of the lakes where previous EWI studies have been performed. Despite confounding factors in shallow hypereutrophic lakes such as high and stochastic nutrient loading, a preponderance of primary producers besides phytoplankton, and spatial complexity, we were still able to frequently detect temporal EWIs. We detected 86% of the total possible EWIs signals in our five lake year dataset, with an average of two weeks of warning before bloom conditions appeared. Detection of EWIs was even higher prior to the peak of the bloom, with 96% of the total possible EWIs detected before peak biomass and an average of almost four weeks of warning before bloom climaxes. Chapter 2 focuses on a shallow, hypereutrophic Swan Lake, we sampled across the entire lake to document patterns of spatial heterogeneity in state variables before, during, and after blooms. There were consistent north-south gradients in the state variable across the lake before and after the bloom and similar variable values across the lake during bloom conditions. We detected rises in spatial AC for all state variables during both bloom events, except phycocyanin which rose ten days before the beginning of the first bloom event. Phycocyanin, dissolved oxygen, and pH rose in spatial SD before bloom conditions and chlorophyll a rose during the bloom. However, for the second bloom event chlorophyll a rose four weeks in advance and phycocyanin spatial SD rose during bloom conditions. Dissolved oxygen and pH spatial SD did not respond as expected to the second bloom and failing to indicate a regime shift due to contributions from other sources of net ecosystem production besides algae. In summary, this is the first application of temporal and spatial indicators of a regime shift in shallow, hypereutrophic lakes. These studies provide evidence of the possible multi-pronged approach to detect early warnings to impending blooms using temporal and spatial monitoring. These studies are promising first steps in applying early warning indicator detection in impaired shallow non-experimental lakes. Our studies applied theory derived from high frequency and spatially explicit simulations and verified results from lakes under experimental conditions, by evaluating EWI detection in non-experimental lakes using both space and time monitoring methods. High frequency and spatial monitoring are proving to be efficient, reliable tools in the effort to manage HABs in surface waters