Human–wildlife conflicts in Patagonia: ranchers’ perceptions of guanaco Lama guanicoe abundance

Conflicts between people and wildlife have become widespread as people move to areas previously home to wildlife and as wild populations recover. In Patagonia, one of the main threats to guanaco Lama guanicoe conservation is the animosity of sheep ranchers towards the species. As key stakeholders in guanaco conservation we assessed ranchers’ perceptions regarding guanaco abundance in Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. We contrasted these perceptions with estimated guanaco abundance and explored the socio-ecological factors influencing perceptions and how perceptions of overabundance are rooted in contextual factors rather than actual abundance. We performed semi-structured interviews with ranchers from Isla Grande and estimated guanaco abundance independently using density surface modelling. Ranchers were divided into three categories depending on their perception of guanaco abundance: ‘too many’, ‘many’ and ‘normal’. Those in the ‘many’ and ‘normal’ categories perceived guanaco abundance as being similar to actual abundance, whereas those in the category ‘too many' overestimated guanaco abundance. The perceived issues affecting livestock production varied between categories, although feral dogs emerged as the main problem. Negative perceptions of the guanaco stemmed from ranchers' beliefs that the species reduces forage availability for livestock, and from their disappointment about the government's handling of concerns regarding livestock production. Greater understanding and integration of the human dimension in conservation are needed to design more inclusive and resilient management plans

Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson’s and Peale’s Dolphin in Southern Patagonian Waters

Funding: This research was possible with the support of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Funding for travel to and accommodation for NAD in Aberdeen, Scotland was provided by CONICET and Cetacean Society International. The work of NAD was part of a postdoctoral fellowship funded by CONICET. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall 1935-2015

An obituary on Rae Natalie P. Goodall is presented with highlights to her scientific life

Free-roaming dogs in Ushuaia City, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: How many and why

Free-roaming dogs (FRD) in cities represent an increasing problem. Authorities need numbers of FRD to evaluate policies implemented and to monitor the dog population. We estimated the number of FRD in Ushuaia city, Argentina, using a photographic capture-recapture methodology. We estimated an abundance index, the power to detect changes in the index, and modeled factors that may explain the spatial distribution of FRD and their welfare status. We also infer whether if they are represented by partially supervised or unsupervised dogs, using a health and welfare index based on body fat coverage and skin condition, as well as on the presence of collars or accessories as a proxy of evidence for tenure. During three surveys, covering 72 transects along streets (9.9% of the street layout of Ushuaia), we recorded 539 different FRD. A model with individual heterogeneity in capture-recapture probability gave 12,797 FRD (95% CI 10,979—15,323), reflecting a dog:human relation of 1:6, higher than the relation recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The abundance index was similar between surveys (8.13 ± 1.36, 8.38 ± 1.46 and 9.55 ± 1.28 dogs/km). The difference needed to detect changes in the index is about twice the standard error of estimates. The best model explaining dogs’ abundance included only geographical location, although two neighbourhoods with 9 transects stand out with 181 different FRD identified. Together with the good overall dogs’ welfare status, modeling suggests that the behavior of owners is the main driver for the presence of FRD. We recommend the use of photographic capture-recapture methodologies instead of simple index estimation, due to the small additional effort required and the improved accuracy and precision obtained. We also recommend a permanent systematic design for future surveys, increase the number of survey occasions, and improve the survey process.Fil: Arona Ferreira, Emiliano Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido

Factors affecting reproductive success and clutch quality of Magellanic Penguin (<i>Spheniscus megellanicus</i>) in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

En este estudio se estimó la duración de los viajes de alimentación y el tamaño corporal de machos y hembras del Pingüino Patagónico durante el período reproductivo en una colonia del Canal Beagle, Tierra del Fuego, y se determinaron las implicancias de estos parámetros sobre el éxito reproductivo y la calidad de la nidada. La duración de los viajes difirió significativamente entre sexos y entre las distintas etapas reproductivas. Las hembras realizaron viajes más extensos que los machos durante la etapa de incubación. Esto podría deberse a diferencias en las reservas corporales y en capacidades de alimentación relacionadas con su condición corporal. En ambos sexos, los viajes realizados durante la etapa de incubación fueron más prolongados, mientras que los realizados durante el cuidado temprano de pichones fueron más cortos. Los viajes de alimentación tuvieron menor duración cuando los pichones eran más pequeños y necesitaban de un mayor cuidado parental. Se registró un alto valor de éxito reproductivo (1.51 pichones por nido) comparado con el de colonias de las Islas Malvinas y Punta Tombo. Estos resultados podrían explicarse por diferencias en la disponibilidad de alimento en aguas cercanas a la colonia. El tamaño corporal de los padres no se relacionó con el éxito reproductivo. No obstante, las hembras con mayor tamaño corporal produjeron pichones de mayor tamaño al comienzo de la muda y nidadas de mayor calidad. La correlación positiva entre el tamaño de la hembra y el tamaño de los pichones al comienzo de la muda sugiere un aporte importante de las hembras en el desarrollo del pichón.The aim of this work was to study foraging trip duration and body size of male and female Magellanic Penguins during the breeding season and to determine the association of these parameters with both reproductive success and clutch quality in a colony located in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Trip duration differed significantly between sexes and between breeding stages. Females performed longer trips than males during incubation. We suggest that this could be due to differences in body reserves and foraging capabilities related with their body condition. In both sexes, foraging trips during incubation were longer than in the other stages, while the shortest trips were observed during early chick rearing. Trips were shorter when chicks were smaller and required greater parental care. A high value of reproductive success (1.51 chicks per nest) was recorded in comparison to that observed in colonies from the Malvinas Islands and Punta Tombo. These results could be related to differences in food availability in nearby waters. Body size of parents was not associated with reproductive success. Notwithstanding, larger females produced larger chicks at early moult and clutches of higher quality. The correlation between female body size and chick size at early moult suggests an important contribution of females on chick’s development

Spatial abundance models and seasonal distribution for guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in central Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

Spatially explicit modelling allows to estimate population abundance and predict species' distribution in relation to environmental factors. Abiotic factors are the main determinants of a herbivore´s response to environmental heterogeneity on large spatiotemporal scales. We assessed the influence of elevation, geographic location and distance to the coast on the seasonal abundance and distribution of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in central Tierra del Fuego, by means of spatially explicit modelling. The estimated abundance was 23,690 individuals for the non-breeding season and 33,928 individuals for the breeding season. The factors influencing distribution and abundance revealed to be the elevation for the non-breeding season, and the distance to the coast and geographic location for the breeding season. The southwest of the study area presented seasonal abundance variation and the southeast and northeast presented high abundance during both seasons. The elevation would be the driving factor of guanaco distribution, as individuals move to lower areas during the non-breeding season and ascend to high areas during the breeding season. Our results confirm that part of the guanaco population performs seasonal migratory movements and that the main valleys present important wintering habitats for guanacos as well as up-hill zones during summer. This type of study would help to avoid problems of scale mismatch and achieve better results in management actions and is an example of how to assess important seasonal habitats from evaluations of abundance and distribution patterns