Independent Tendency of ACE2 and GRP78 Expression in SARS-CoV2 Infection

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is a virus that attacks the respiratory tract and causes the COVID-19 pandemic. This virus utilizes the host receptor as a cellular entry. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been assumed to be the essential host receptor for SARS-CoV2 infection. Furthermore, another costimulatory molecule, such as glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), has also been reported. However, there are several inconsistent clinical data that could be observed regarding these molecules' involvement during SARS-CoV2 infection. This study aims to observe the possible involvement of ACE2 and GRP78 during the infection phase through gene expression profile analysis. Clinical specimens used in this study were taken in positive and negative clinical samples after the standard swab sampling procedure from both oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs. Subsequently, nucleic acid samples were proceeded by conventional Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze the expression of ACE2 and GRP78. Agarose gel electrophoresis was then performed before the densitometric analysis. Statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney Test and Independent Sample t-Test was applied to justify the gene profile difference between ACE2 and GRP78. Our study suggested the enhancement tendency while they were not statistically significant in both ACE2 and GRP78 expression from the positive SARS-CoV2 samples

Clinical Conditions and History of Illness Among Terminal Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the public health problems in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the clinical condition of premorbid and the incidence of ESRD. The study design is a case-control. The number of volunteers involved in this study was 100 patients. The cases were ESRD patients who were determined by the criteria of Pernefri and the controls were patients from the same hospital who were not ESRD by the requirements of ESRD Pernefri. Inclusion criteria of the study sample were ESRD sufferers need routine hemodialysis and doctor\u27s diagnosis supported by laboratory data, 15-75 years old and willing to fill out inform consent. Exclusion criteria for the study sample were patients with congenital kidney disease, Have a history of kidney transplants, and mental disorder. We collected demographic data, and patient\u27s clinical and drug history from medical records. Chi-square analysis with 2x2 tables and the Fisher\u27s exact test were used to determine the relationship of clinical conditions and history of disease with the incidence of ESRD. The results showed that anemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were related to the prevalence of ESRD. History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and family history of ESRD are associated with an increased incidence of ESRD

Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Propolis and Probiotics Combination as Root Canal Medicament against Enterococcus faecalis

The application of intracanal medicaments is essential to support root canal sterilization against intrusive bacteria, which can easily penetrate and remain survive in the dentinal tubules. Root canal medicament is expected to penetrate tubules and eradicate the bacteria, leading to prognosis improvement of endodontic treatment. There is an upcoming consideration on using natural substance as an alternative root canal medicament, due to the side effects potency of chemical-based medicament. Propolis and probiotics are two natural promising antimicrobial and health beneficial substance to consider. This study aims to evaluate antimicrobial capacity of probiotics and with propolis combination as potential medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Eighteen extracted human second premolars were sectioned 8 mm below the CEJ. The dentin blocks were then prepared under the similar dimensional standards. E. faecalis was used in the dentin blocks preconditioning incubation for 12h. The samples were classified into six groups (n = 3). Group 1: untreated; Group 2: Ca(OH)2; Group 3: Ca(OH)2 + probiotics; Group 4: Ca(OH)2 + 1% water-based propolis (WEP); Group 5: probiotics; and Group 6: 1% WEP + probiotics. The grinded dentin was collected and recultivated. The number of cultivated bacteria was further counted. The results showed that the CFU was significantly lower in all groups compared to the untreated, but not significantly different between groups. Although they were not significantly different, probiotics and combined treatments exhibited lower CFU than the sole Ca(OH)2

KONSENTRASI APLIKATIF LARUTAN ETHANOLIC APIS TRIGONA SP DALAM PENGHAMBATAN LAJU PERTUMBUHAN PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS (IN VITRO)

Propolis merupakan salah satu produk lebah yang berperan sebagai material pelindung pada sarang lebah. Pada pengembangan medikamen rongga mulut, diperlukan upaya konfirmasi terhadap aspek biokompatibilitas. Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri anaerobik obligat yang sering menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya penyakit periodontal. Upaya eliminasi dan reduksi Porphyromonas gingivalis pada jaringan periodontal merupakan salah satu upaya suportif yang dibutuhkan dalam penghambatan proses perkembangan penyakit periodontal. Banyak penelitian menunjukan potensi larutan etanolik suatu material herbal, namun masih sedikit informasi terkait konsentrasi aplikatif larutan etanolik tersebut yang dapat digunakan dalam rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi konsentrasi aplikatif dari larutan etanolik propolis Apis Trigona sp terhadap penurunan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propolis Apis Trigona sp diperoleh dari peternakan lebah lokal di Nglipar, Kecamatan Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta dan diekstraksi dengan menggunakan prosedur maserasi. Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC-33277) diperoleh dari Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Yogyakarta (BLK) yang dikultur menggunakan medium BHI. Sel fibroblas (HDFa-Gibco C-013-5C, USA) digunakan dalam uji MTT (pada λ 550 nm). Laju pertumbuhan bakteri diamati dengan mengukur kerapatan optik (OD) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS (pada λ 600 nm). Normalitas data dievaluasi menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk dan analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis serta korelasi Pearson. Seluruh perlakuan dilakukan dengan desain eksperimental triplicated. Normalitas data perubahan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis terdistribusi tidak normal (Sig=0.002), dan hasil analysis Kruskal-Wallis pada nilai rerata ODt2-t0 menunjukkan p=0.009 (p<0.05) dengan puncak efek pada konsentrasi 0.4%. Pada evaluasi viabilitas sel fibroblast, uji normalitas data menunjukkan nilai Sig=0.118, dan koefisien korelasi Pearson sebesar -0.673 (Sig=0.023) dengan viabilitas sel fibroblas sebesar 9.48% terjadi pada larutan etanolik propolis dengan konsentrasi 0.1%. Dari data di atas menunjukkan bahwa larutan etanolik propolis memberikan efek yang bermakna pada penghambatan laju pertumbuhan bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis, akan tetapi juga menunjukkan efek toksik yang kuat pada sel tubuh. Oleh karena itu, masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk dapat memperoleh sediaan aplikatif larutan etanolik propolis dalam menghambat laju pertumbuhan bakteri secara optimal dengan efek toksik yang minimal

KONSENTRASI APLIKATIF LARUTAN ETHANOLIC APIS TRIGONA SP DALAM PENGHAMBATAN LAJU PERTUMBUHAN PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS (IN VITRO)

Propolis merupakan salah satu produk lebah yang berperan sebagai material pelindung pada sarang lebah. Pada pengembangan medikamen rongga mulut, diperlukan upaya konfirmasi terhadap aspek biokompatibilitas. Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri anaerobik obligat yang sering menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya penyakit periodontal. Upaya eliminasi dan reduksi Porphyromonas gingivalis pada jaringan periodontal merupakan salah satu upaya suportif yang dibutuhkan dalam penghambatan proses perkembangan penyakit periodontal. Banyak penelitian menunjukan potensi larutan etanolik suatu material herbal, namun masih sedikit informasi terkait konsentrasi aplikatif larutan etanolik tersebut yang dapat digunakan dalam rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi konsentrasi aplikatif dari larutan etanolik propolis Apis Trigona sp terhadap penurunan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propolis Apis Trigona sp diperoleh dari peternakan lebah lokal di Nglipar, Kecamatan Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta dan diekstraksi dengan menggunakan prosedur maserasi. Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC-33277) diperoleh dari Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Yogyakarta (BLK) yang dikultur menggunakan medium BHI. Sel fibroblas (HDFa-Gibco C-013-5C, USA) digunakan dalam uji MTT (pada λ 550 nm). Laju pertumbuhan bakteri diamati dengan mengukur kerapatan optik (OD) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS (pada λ 600 nm). Normalitas data dievaluasi menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk dan analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis serta korelasi Pearson. Seluruh perlakuan dilakukan dengan desain eksperimental triplicated. Normalitas data perubahan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis terdistribusi tidak normal (Sig=0.002), dan hasil analysis Kruskal-Wallis pada nilai rerata ODt2-t0 menunjukkan p=0.009 (p<0.05) dengan puncak efek pada konsentrasi 0.4%. Pada evaluasi viabilitas sel fibroblast, uji normalitas data menunjukkan nilai Sig=0.118, dan koefisien korelasi Pearson sebesar -0.673 (Sig=0.023) dengan viabilitas sel fibroblas sebesar 9.48% terjadi pada larutan etanolik propolis dengan konsentrasi 0.1%. Dari data di atas menunjukkan bahwa larutan etanolik propolis memberikan efek yang bermakna pada penghambatan laju pertumbuhan bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis, akan tetapi juga menunjukkan efek toksik yang kuat pada sel tubuh. Oleh karena itu, masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk dapat memperoleh sediaan aplikatif larutan etanolik propolis dalam menghambat laju pertumbuhan bakteri secara optimal dengan efek toksik yang minimal

Effect of Probiotic and Propolis in the EPS of Root Canal Bacteria Biofilm

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Apis trigona ethanolic propolis and probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus on the nucleic acid concentration in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) derived from biofilm of root canal bacteria. Materials and Methods: Clinical bacteria of the root canal were cultured with ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP; 10 or 0.1%) and L. acidophilus. After the formation of biofilm was observed in the monolayer bacterial culture under several conditions, the enzymatic treatment and nucleic acid quantification were sequentially performed. Statistical Analysis: Independent t-test and Mann–Whitney were performed following data normality to analyze the significant differences of the treatment effect on the nucleic acid concentration in EPS from the isolated biofilm. Results: The results showed that the nucleic acid concentration in EPS biofilm were not increased by coculture with L. acidophilus as probiotics. However, the treatment with 10% EEP could significantly increase nucleic acid concentration. Conclusion: This study suggested that the biosurfactants from probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus might be a promising candidate for endodontic treatment, arguably better than EEP in inhibiting biofilm maturation and complexity

KONSENTRASI APLIKATIF LARUTAN ETHANOLIC APIS TRIGONA SP DALAM PENGHAMBATAN LAJU PERTUMBUHAN PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS (IN VITRO)

Propolis merupakan salah satu produk lebah yang berperan sebagai material pelindung pada sarang lebah. Pada pengembangan medikamen rongga mulut, diperlukan upaya konfirmasi terhadap aspek biokompatibilitas. Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri anaerobik obligat yang sering menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya penyakit periodontal. Upaya eliminasi dan reduksi Porphyromonas gingivalis pada jaringan periodontal merupakan salah satu upaya suportif yang dibutuhkan dalam penghambatan proses perkembangan penyakit periodontal. Banyak penelitian menunjukan potensi larutan etanolik suatu material herbal, namun masih sedikit informasi terkait konsentrasi aplikatif larutan etanolik tersebut yang dapat digunakan dalam rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi konsentrasi aplikatif dari larutan etanolik propolis Apis Trigona sp terhadap penurunan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propolis Apis Trigona sp diperoleh dari peternakan lebah lokal di Nglipar, Kecamatan Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta dan diekstraksi dengan menggunakan prosedur maserasi. Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC-33277) diperoleh dari Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Yogyakarta (BLK) yang dikultur menggunakan medium BHI. Sel fibroblas (HDFa-Gibco C-013-5C, USA) digunakan dalam uji MTT (pada λ 550 nm). Laju pertumbuhan bakteri diamati dengan mengukur kerapatan optik (OD) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS (pada λ 600 nm). Normalitas data dievaluasi menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk dan analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis serta korelasi Pearson. Seluruh perlakuan dilakukan dengan desain eksperimental triplicated. Normalitas data perubahan laju pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis terdistribusi tidak normal (Sig=0.002), dan hasil analysis Kruskal-Wallis pada nilai rerata ODt2-t0 menunjukkan p=0.009 (p<0.05) dengan puncak efek pada konsentrasi 0.4%. Pada evaluasi viabilitas sel fibroblast, uji normalitas data menunjukkan nilai Sig=0.118, dan koefisien korelasi Pearson sebesar -0.673 (Sig=0.023) dengan viabilitas sel fibroblas sebesar 9.48% terjadi pada larutan etanolik propolis dengan konsentrasi 0.1%. Dari data di atas menunjukkan bahwa larutan etanolik propolis memberikan efek yang bermakna pada penghambatan laju pertumbuhan bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis, akan tetapi juga menunjukkan efek toksik yang kuat pada sel tubuh. Oleh karena itu, masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk dapat memperoleh sediaan aplikatif larutan etanolik propolis dalam menghambat laju pertumbuhan bakteri secara optimal dengan efek toksik yang minimal

Metabolism-independent phenomenon in ethanolic propolis inhibitory capacity towards enterococcus spp proteolytic activity

Background: Root canal bacteria produce many virulence factors which are responsible for endodontic pathological states. Bacteria are assumed to utilize energy from bacterial cell metabolism activity for producing these virulence factors. Propolis extracts are commonly reported to have antibacterial abilities against dental pathogens. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible correlation between bacterial proteolytic and metabolism activities under the treatment of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP).Method: The 0.00125%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.2%; 0.4%; and 0.8% ethanolic propolis were prepared for recovery rate confirmative procedure, proteolytic, and metabolism activity assay, with 2% of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) was used as a positive control. The bacteria were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) media after EEP treatment. Bacterial suspension was initially prepared in broth culture dilution with BHI media, followed by the gelatin liquefaction measurement for proteolytic assay. Phenol-red and arginine dehydrogenase enriched media for observing both carbohydrate and arginine metabolism activities, respectively, in the clinical Enterococcus spp. and E. faecalis ATCC 29212.Result: The recovery rate of the bacteria was not terminated after several EEP treatments. Proteolytic activity of the bacteria was likely decreased in several EEP treatments. EEP tended to affect the carbohydrate and arginine metabolism of the bacteria in certain fashions.Conclusion: This study suggested that the EEP treatment affected both proteolytic and metabolism activity in negative regulation tendencies

Metabolism-independent phenomenon in ethanolic propolis inhibitory capacity towards enterococcus spp proteolytic activity

Background: Root canal bacteria produce many virulence factors which are responsible for endodontic pathological states. Bacteria are assumed to utilize energy from bacterial cell metabolism activity for producing these virulence factors. Propolis extracts are commonly reported to have antibacterial abilities against dental pathogens. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible correlation between bacterial proteolytic and metabolism activities under the treatment of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP).Method: The 0.00125%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.2%; 0.4%; and 0.8% ethanolic propolis were prepared for recovery rate confirmative procedure, proteolytic, and metabolism activity assay, with 2% of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) was used as a positive control. The bacteria were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) media after EEP treatment. Bacterial suspension was initially prepared in broth culture dilution with BHI media, followed by the gelatin liquefaction measurement for proteolytic assay. Phenol-red and arginine dehydrogenase enriched media for observing both carbohydrate and arginine metabolism activities, respectively, in the clinical Enterococcus spp. and E. faecalis ATCC 29212.Result: The recovery rate of the bacteria was not terminated after several EEP treatments. Proteolytic activity of the bacteria was likely decreased in several EEP treatments. EEP tended to affect the carbohydrate and arginine metabolism of the bacteria in certain fashions.Conclusion: This study suggested that the EEP treatment affected both proteolytic and metabolism activity in negative regulation tendencies