The structure and evolution of dark matter halos and their implications for cosmology

This is a study of how the properties of dark matter halos can be used to probe fundamental questions in cosmology. Similar to the inner regions of a halo the outer density profiles of the dark matter halo carry a wealth of information regarding its formation epoch, accretion history and environment. I study how the splashback feature, which is a steepening of the slope of the density profile in a narrow, localized region near the outskirts of the halo, is in reality a powerful physical length scale within the halo that naturally demarcates the actual boundary of its virialized region. This feature can also be used to probe cosmology and fundamental physical processes like dynamical friction. Apart from the density profile I also study the shapes of halos and how to measure them using three-point galaxy statistics and finally I study the evolution of substructure in dark matter halos and its implication for galaxy evolution in clustered environments

Evaluation of Exotic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea against Liriomyza trifolii on Tomato in Protected Cultivation in India

Greenhouses in India are suffering from serious pest infestations mainly sucking pests and soil borne pathogens. As growers in India are largely dependent on insecticides and biorationals, commercial availability of bioagents is virtually negligible, thereby hampering ecofriendly objectives. A trial on evaluation of exotic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) against leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera) on tomatoes was conducted in a study plot of 150 m2 which was separated into two walk- in tunnels of 75 m2 each. The parasitoid was supplied by the commercial unit of Biobee Sde Eliyahu Ltd Israel. The trial included there treatments i.e. releases of D. isaea @ 0.5 wasps/m2 against leaf miner (T1), no pesticide application (T2) and management with chemical pesticides (T3). D. isaea was found effective in reducing the population of leaf miner significantly in tomato crop grown under protected structures.Key words: , 

Kinematics of cluster galaxies and their relation to galaxy evolution

We study the kinematics of galaxies within massive clusters, as a probe of the physics of star-formation quenching within clusters. Using N-body simulations, we argue that satellite kinematics provide information about galaxy infall that is complementary to the (instantaneous) spatial distribution of satellites. Comparing the simulation results with measurements of real cluster galaxies, we find evidence that the kinematics of red (quiescent) satellite galaxies are consistent with earlier infall times than that of blue (star-forming) satellites.Comment: 15 pages. To be submitted to Ap

Oral Cavity and Transmission of HIV: A Debatable Dilemma

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is most commonly transmitted by sexual activity. HIV is found in blood and other body fluids, including semen, vaginal fluid and saliva. Spreadof the HIV from oral secretions of the millions of HIV viremic individuals, during kissing, dental treatment, biting is a very uncommon finding. The shedding of infected blood or exudates from the saliva of an infected individual usually contains only the noninfectious component of HIV and may also contain fragments or the entire noninfectious genome. The risk of HIV transmission via oral secretions is an issue of growing interest to the dental health professionals. The oral transmission of HIV remains a controversial issue and a cause of concern

PRODUCTION ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF POTATO IN OKHALDHUNGA, NEPAL

Potato is a major staple food crops in the hilly region of Nepal. To assess the production economics and marketing of potato, a study was conducted at Siddicharan municipality and Molung rural municipality of Okhaldhunga, Nepal in 2019. Altogether 60 samples, 30 from each location were selected randomly. Economic analysis was performed through cost benefit analysis and Cobb Douglas Production function. Among the different variety used by the farmers, Kufri Jyoti was the most preferred variety. The main constraints in potato production were shortage of irrigational structure followed by low information on use of chemical fertilizer, lack of labor at the time of harvesting, insufficient quantity of manure, prevalence of middle man, high cost of transportation, and unavailability of improved seed. The mean difference between the farm gate price and market price of Siddicharan and Molung was 7.33 and 5.96, respectively, which were statistically significant at p<0.1. The overall average benefit cost ratio was found to be 1.23 in which Siddicharan and Molung had BC ratio of 1.55 and 0.99, respectively, which was significant at p<0.01 which indicated that farming in Molung was not profitable. Overall the seed cost, labor cost, FYM cost, and bullocks cost should be increased by 900%, 186.95%, 101.88%, and 626.31%, respectively, and chemical cost, machinery cost, and transportation cost should be decreased by 99.98%, 73.11%, and 99.57%, respectively. Return to scale was found to be 0.227 which implies that it was increasing at decreasing rate of return

Efficacy of different doses of NPK on growth and yield of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) in Khadbari, Sankhuwasabha, Nepal

An essential cultural technique for ensuring correct development and maximizing output is administering fertilizer sources for the crops. The experiment was carried out from February 2022 to May 2022 at Khadbari-3, Maruwa, Sankhuwasabha, to determine the efficacy of various dosages of NPK on the growth performance of the rice bean variety (Sunehri). The trial used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments replicated three times. The treatments were listed and named as T1 (0:0:0 kg NPK/ha); T2 (20:30:10 kg NPK/ha) (Recommended dose); T3 (10:20:15 kg NPK/ha); T4 (40:80:40 kg NPK/ha); T5 (20:20:20 kg NPK/ha); T6 (80:100:60 kg NPK/ha); and T7 (20:0:30 kg NPK/ha), respectively. The experimental results revealed that the highest yield/plant (39g) was obtained from the plot treated with T4 (40:80:40 kg NPK/ha), followed by 24.93 g and 24.13 g from the plot receiving T2 (20:30:10 kg NPK/ha) and T6 (80:100:60 kg NPK/ha), respectively. The lowest yield of 14.07 g was obtained from the control plot, followed by 15.27 g and 21.20 g from the plot receiving T7 (20:0:30 kg NPK/ha) and T3 (10:20:15 kg NPK/ha), respectively. Vegetative parameters such as plant height, branch numbers, and leaves numbers were recorded as a maximum of 19.72 cm, 6.88, and 18.97 in plots treated with T5 (20:20:20 kg NPK/ha), T7 (20:0:30 kg NPK/ha), and T1 (0:0:0 kg NPK/ha), consecutively, and corresponding minimum values were found 18.12 cm, 5.36 and 15.63 in T3 (10:20:15 kg NPK/ha), T1 (0:0:0 kg NPK/ha), and T7 (20:0:30 kg NPK/ha), respectively. Conclusively, the study's findings suggest that the rice bean crop responds to fertilizers and applying T4 (40:80:40 kg NPK/ha) enhances crop production considerably