Incidence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Wound Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

Purpose: To investigate the incidence of different bacteria isolates in 150 wound infections in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria and their antibacterial susceptibility patterns.Methods: Wound swab samples were collected from general culture bench of the Microbiology Department, after obtaining consent from the hospital’s Medical Advisory Committee, and cultured for bacterial isolates. The isolates were characterized and identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using Kirby-Bauer-CLSI modified Disc Agar Diffusion technique.Results: Out of the 150 specimens collected, 82 % were infected with bacteria made up predominantl of Staphylococcus aureus (22 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.9 %), Citrobacter spp (15 %), Escherichia coli (14.7 %) and Proteus mirabilis (14.5 %). In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin while the enteric bacteria were generally more resistant to ceftazidime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.Conclusion: The findings show that there is a high rate of wound infection in Kano, Nigeria and that antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present in the wound sites.Keywords: Wound infection , Antibiotic, Susceptibility, Bacterial resistanc

An Investigation of the Reliability of Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (SSSCE) Results in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria

This paper tests the reliability of the results obtained by students who sat for National Examination council Examination (NECO). Using the result obtained by the students in the same school in WAEC. The paper finds the correlation coefficients of percentage achievement in Mathematics and English – language in WAEC and NECO. The correlation coefficient was found for two consecutive years 2012 and 2013. It was observed that the correlation coefficients between the two examination bodies in 2012 are o.61 in Mathematics and 0.77 in English – language. In 2013, the correlation coefficient between WAEC and NECO are 0.87 in Mathematics and 0.24 in English – language. Except for that of English – language in 2013, the other correlation coefficients are positive and close to perfect. This shows that there is a strong relationship between the achievements. Keywords: West Africa Examination Council (WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO), Correlation Coefficient, Relationship, Percentage achievement, Candidate, Credit

Gut Microbiota and Innate Immune Response of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila Fed Diets Supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus

The use of antibiotics as disease control agents has become contentious due to rise in drug-resistant bacteria such as Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophilla. Studies have shown antibacterial potentials of some probiotics such as Lactobacillus acidophillus as promising alternative. Therefore, effects of diets fortified with Lactobacillus acidophillus on gut ecology and health status of African River prawn, Macrobranchium vollenhovenii were investigated. Prawns fed diets fortified with Lactobacillus acidophillus were challenged with Psuedomonas aeruginosa (1 × 107 cfu/mL) and Aeromonas hydrophilla (5 × 105 cfu/mL) using bath method for 14 days. Total viable and total enterobacteriaceae counts were determined on plate count agar and McConkey agar, respectively. Haemolymph (mL), total haemocyte count (cells/mL), catalase (mg/g protein), superoxide dismutase (mg/g protein, respiratory burst activity (μmoles) and survival rate (%) were evaluated using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p = 0.05. Results revealed that Marobranchium vollenhovenii-fed supplemented diets had reduced bacteria load, gut flora dominated by beneficial bacteria, enhanced immune system and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila at 103 cfu/mL inclusion level and could be used as immunodulation against Aeromonas infection

EFFECTS OF DIETARY Moringa oleifera LEAF MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL ON GROWTH, BODY COMPOSITION AND HEALTH STATUS IN Cyprinus carpio JUVENILES

U radu je istraživana učinkovitost rasta, iskoristivost hranjivih tvari i zdravstveno stanje šarana Cyprinus carpio hranjenih različitim razinama brašna listova moringe Moringa oleifera kao hranidbene zamjenice za sojino brašno. Izrađeno je šest izo-dušičnih hranidbenih smjesa s postotnom zamjenom sirovih proteina od 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% i 50% brašnom listova moringe. Mlađ šarana (n=360; W=8.12±0.21 g) su razdijeljeni u 18 hapasa (1m3) te su hranjeni hranidbenim smjesama u omjeru od 5% ukupne mase tijela ribe. Rezultati su ukazali kako riba hranjena smjesom s razinom zamjene sirovog proteina od 30% ima značajno bolju završnu masu, prirast, specifičnu stopu rasta, omjer proteinske učinkovitosti i omjer pretvorbe hrane, dok su stope preživljavanja nisu bile značajno različite. Također, značajno su poboljšane hematološke, biokemijske i imunološke reakcije riba hranjene smjesama s zamjenom Moringa oleifera. Rezultati upućuju i na to da je viša razina zamjene moringom moguća, ali je i mogući utjecaj na rast ribe i ekonomsku isplativost. Brašno lišća moringe Moringa oleifera može biti korišten za zamjenu 30% sirovog proteina sojinog brašna u hranidbi mlađi šarana Cyprinus carpio.The growth performance, nutrient utilization and health status of Cyprinus carpio fed various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a replacement for soybean meal was investigated. Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated with Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% crude protein replacement. The diets were fed to the fish at 5% body weight to 360 Cyprinus carpio juveniles (8.12±0.21 g) allotted to 18 happas (1 m3) in a completely randomized design for 12 weeks. The results revealed that crude protein replacement levels of 30% had significantly better final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio, while survival rates were not significantly different. Also, haematological, biochemical and immune responses of the fish fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal fortified diets were significantly improved. The results further suggest that higher inclusion replacement is possible but opined that, for growth and economic consideration, Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be used to replace 30% crude protein of soybean in the diet of Cyprinus carpio juveniles

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Anemia macrocítico-normocrómica en el bagre africano Clarias gariepinus (Siluriform: Clariidae) expuesto a Paraquat en laboratorio

Introduction: Agricultural pesticides are among the main causes of pollution in aquatic ecosystems, and they can lead to physiological changes in fish. For example, blood alteration and damage to haemopoietic tissue can be associated with pathological conditions related to water. Objective: To describe the effects of certain levels of pesticide on a Nigerian fish species. Methods: Macrocytic-normochromic anaemia was induced in C. gariepinus at intervals of 1,7 and 14 days (sub-lethal concentrations of Paraquat: 0; 0,03; 0,05; 0,07 and 0,09mg/l). Results: Blood dyscrasias was observed with a significant (p<0,05) decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Neutrophils, Eosinophil and Basophil increased significantly (p<0,05) with increasing concentrations of the toxicant while Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) remained normal. Conclusion: Sublethal concentrations of paraquat induced macrocytic-normochromic anaemia in the catfish C. gariepinus.Introducción: Los plaguicidas agrícolas se encuentran entre las principales causas de contaminación en los ecosistemas acuáticos y pueden provocar cambios fisiológicos en los peces. Por ejemplo, la alteración de la sangre y el daño al tejido hematopoyético pueden estar asociados con condiciones patológicas relacionadas con el agua. Objetivo: Describir los efectos de ciertos niveles de plaguicidas en una especie de pez de Nigeria. Métodos: Se indujo anemia macrocítico-normocrómica en C. gariepinus a intervalos de 1, 7 y 14 días (concentraciones subletales de Paraquat: 0; 0,03; 0,05; 0,07 and 0,09mg/l). Resultados: Hubo discrasias sanguíneas con una disminución significativa (p <0,05) de hemoglobina, hematocrito, glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos, linfocitos y monocitos, el volumen corpuscular medio (MCV), la hemoglobina corpuscular media (MCH), los neutrófilos, eosinófilos y basófilos aumentaron significativamente (p <0,05) con concentraciones crecientes del tóxico, mientras que la concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (MCHC) se mantuvo normal. Conclusión: Las concentraciones subletales de paraquat generaron anemia macrocítico-normocrómica en el bagre C. gariepinus

Histopathology of the gills, livers and kidney of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) exposed to sniper 1000EC under laboratory conditions

Indiscriminate use of Sniper 1000EC has become a serious problem among local fishermen in the Northern parts of Niger state. Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (mean body weight 23.34 ±0.05 g; mean standard length, 20.00 ±0.45 cm) were subjected to 5 treatment levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/l. The tissue damages were observed majorly at 15 and 20 mg/l of sniper 1000EC exposed fish species. Oedema and hyperplasia were observed in the gills of the exposed groups. Hepatocellular steatosis and vacuolations were observed in the livers. Tubular nephrosis and hyperplasias of epithelial cells were also observed in the kidney. It is concluded that alterations in gills, livers and kidney of the exposed fish species were consequences of exposure to the toxicant (sniper 1000EC). It is recommended that the use of Sniper 1000EC by local fishermen be banned to save the aquatic environment from destruction.Bezkrytyczne stosowanie Sniper 1000EC stało się poważnym problemem dla lokalnych rybaków w północnych częściach Nigru. Młode osobniki Clarias gariepinus (średnia masa ciała 23,34 ±0,05 g; średnia długość 20,00 ±0,45 cm) przetrzymywano w warunkach laboratoryjnych w środowisku zawierającym 0, 5, 10, 15 i 20 mg/l środka Sniper 1000EC. Uszkodzenia tkanek obserwowano głównie przy najwyższych stężeniach (15 i 20 mg/l). Obserwowano obrzęk i przerost skrzeli narażonych ryb. W wątrobie obserwowano stłuszczenie i wakuolację.W nerkach stwierdzono nefrozę i przerost komórek nabłonkowych. Wykazano, że zmiany w skrzelach, wątrobach i nerkach narażonych ryb były konsekwencjami narażenia na działanie insektycydu (Snajper 1000EC). Ze względu na dużą toksyczność zaleca się zakazać używania Sniper 1000EC

Natural occurrence of Diplostomum spp. in farm-raised African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Oyo state, Nigeria

Diplostomum species are the parasites responsible for diplostomiasis in fish which may cause blindness, eyefluke, severe ocular disease, opacity of the lens and many other affections. The parasites use many organisms including fish as a host. African catfish is one of the widely distributed fish species in tropical Africa and has become one of the most important culturable fish species in Africa especially in Nigeria. This study examined the occurrence of Diplostomum species in farm raised African catfish in Oyo state. A total of two hundred and sixteen eye samples were collected from 108 fishes in 36 farms. The eye lens and vitreous body were examined for the presence of Diplostomum species. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis to the relationship between the eye size and parasite occurrence. The result shows that 33.18% of the samples had Diplostomum species. Males had higher occurrence (23.53%) than the females (9.65%). There were statistically significant differences in the percentage, intensity and index of infection between males and females (p = 0.010, p = 0.003, and p = 0.012 respectively) while the density of infection between both sexes was not statistically significant (p = 0.063). The relationship between eye diameter and occurrence of the parasites shows positive relationship Pearson correlation (R2 = 0.125). In conclusion, Diplostomum species are present in farm raised African catfish in Oyo state-Nigeria with a positive relationship between the eye diameter and occurrence of the parasites

Effects of Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as a Replacement for Soybean Meal on Growth, Body Composition and Health Status in Cyprinus carpio Juveniles

The growth performance, nutrient utilization and health status of Cyprinus carpio fed various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a replacement for soybean meal was investigated. Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated with Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% crude protein replacement. The diets were fed to the fish at 5% body weight to 360 Cyprinus carpio juveniles (8.12±0.21 g) allotted to 18 happas (1 m3) in a completely randomized design for 12 weeks. The results revealed that crude protein replacement levels of 30% had significantly better final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio, while survival rates were not significantly different. Also, haematological, biochemical and immune responses of the fish fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal fortified diets were significantly improved. The results further suggest that higher inclusion replacement is possible but opined that, for growth and economic consideration, Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be used to replace 30% crude protein of soybean in the diet of Cyprinus carpio juveniles