Pathophysiology, histopathology and therapeutic of SARS-CoV-2

The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the world has induced the scientist to understand the histopathology of the virus and then to find an effective drug. However, many of the point associated with the virus pathogenicity still unknown and need more studies. In this chapter the pathophysiology, histopathology and therapeutic of SARS-CoV-2 has been reviewed. It was appeared that pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 is belonging to the viral with genome structure which acting by blocking the host innate immune response. Both chloroquine and hydroxyl-chloroquine have similar structure and mechanism action and they are among the most effective antiviral for treating the patents with the SARS-CoV-2. Chloroquine works by inhibition the intracellular organism by increasing the pH

Efficiencies and mechanisms of steel slag with ferric oxides for removing phosphate from wastewater using a column filter system

The current study aimed to investigate the efficiencies and mechanisms of slag filter media for removing phosphorus from synthetic wastewater. The steel slag with high ferric oxides (Fe2O3) was subjected for the electric arc furnace (EAF) and selected as the filter media (HFe). The chemical characteristics of HFe were determined using pH, point of zero charge (PZC) and XRF. The phosphorus removal efficiency was studied in a designed vertical steel slag column rock filters in unaerated HFe (UEF) and aerated HFe (AEF) system. The microstructure of HFe was analyzed by FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The results of XRF revealed that ferric oxide (Fe2O3) ranged from26.1 to 38.2%. PZC for Filter HFe was recorded at pH 10.55 ± 0.27. The highest efficiencies were recorded by UEF and AEF systems at pH 3 and pH 5 (89.97 ± 4.02% and 79.95 ± 6.25% at pH 3 and 72.97 ± 8.38% and 66.00 ± 12.85% at pH 5 for UEF and AEF, respectively). These findings indicated that AEF exhibiting higher removal than UEF systems might be due to presence high Fe concentration in AEF which play important role in the phosphorus removal. The main elements available on the surface of HFe included carbon, oxygen, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicon, platinum, sulphur, manganese, titanium and aluminium. The XRD analysis indicated that the precipitation of orthophosphate as calcium and iron-phosphates was the removal mechanism as confirmed using FT-IR analysis. These findings demonstrated the efficiency of HFe in removing of phosphorus from wastewater

Promatranje prirodne i pokusne infekcije ovaca i koza virulentnim terenskim sojem Capripoxvirusa visokog afiniteta za koze.

A virulent field Capripoxvirus with high affinity to goats was isolated for the first time in Saudi Arabia from a natural disease involving a mixed herd of local breeds of sheep and goats. Observations on both the natural disease and the experimental studies indicated its host preference to goats. The results were discussed in relation to concerns regarding the use of the current Romanian strain of sheeppox vaccine in the country. The epidemiology of Capripoxvirus infection in Saudi Arabia was discussed.Virulentni terenski soj Capripoxvirusa s visokim afinitetom za koze izdvojen je prvi put u Saudijskoj Arabiji iz prirodno oboljelih mješovitih stada lokalnih pasmina ovaca i koza. Promatranje prirodno i pokusno izazvane bolesti pokazalo je da su koze prirodni domaćin te da ovce nisu oboljevale. Rezultati su razmatrani u odnosu na vakcinaciju protiv ovčjih boginja rumunjskim vakcinalnim sojem. Razmatrana je epidemiologija infekcije Capripoxvirusom u Saudijskoj Arabiji

Promatranje prirodne i pokusne infekcije ovaca i koza virulentnim terenskim sojem Capripoxvirusa visokog afiniteta za koze.

A virulent field Capripoxvirus with high affinity to goats was isolated for the first time in Saudi Arabia from a natural disease involving a mixed herd of local breeds of sheep and goats. Observations on both the natural disease and the experimental studies indicated its host preference to goats. The results were discussed in relation to concerns regarding the use of the current Romanian strain of sheeppox vaccine in the country. The epidemiology of Capripoxvirus infection in Saudi Arabia was discussed.Virulentni terenski soj Capripoxvirusa s visokim afinitetom za koze izdvojen je prvi put u Saudijskoj Arabiji iz prirodno oboljelih mješovitih stada lokalnih pasmina ovaca i koza. Promatranje prirodno i pokusno izazvane bolesti pokazalo je da su koze prirodni domaćin te da ovce nisu oboljevale. Rezultati su razmatrani u odnosu na vakcinaciju protiv ovčjih boginja rumunjskim vakcinalnim sojem. Razmatrana je epidemiologija infekcije Capripoxvirusom u Saudijskoj Arabiji

Removal of Phosphate from Wastewater by Steel Slag with High Calcium Oxide Column Filter System; Efficiencies and Mechanisms study

Background: The discharge of wastewater with heavy loads of phosphorus leads to the eutrophication in natural water systems. The current work investigated the removal of phosphorus from synthetic wastewater through the medium of a slag filtration system with a high content of CaO was selected as the filter media (HCa) and subjected to treatment in the electric arc furnace (EAF). The pH, point of zero charge (PZC) and XRF of the HCa filter medium was studied. The removal of phosphorus was investigated in a designed vertical column filters in aerated HCa (AEF) and unaerated HCa (UEF) systems. FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analyses was implemented for studying the microstructure of HCa. Results: The results of XRF revealed that CaO ranged from 20.2–49.5%. The PZC for the HCa filter was recorded at pH 17.75. The highest efficiencies recorded were 94.65 ± 3.46% and 96.13 ± 2.75% at pH 3 and 93.70 ± 2.59% and 97.15 ± 1.59% at pH 5 for AEF and UEF, respectively. These findings indicated that AEF performed greater removal than UEF systems might due to presence high Ca concentration in AEF, which plays an important role in the process of phosphorus removal. The main elements on the surface of HCa included oxygen, carbon, magnesium, calcium, aluminium and silicon. XRD analysis indicated that the precipitation of orthophosphate as calcium and Ca-phosphates was the removal mechanism, which was confirmed using the FT-IR analysis. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated the efficiency of HCa in removing phosphorus from wastewater

Acacia senegal gum exudate offers protection against cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder cytotoxicity

Cylophosphamide (CYCL) is a strong anticancer and immunosuppressive agent but its urotoxicity presents one of the major toxic effects that limit its wide usage particularly in high dose regimens. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Acacia Senegal gum exudate, Gum Arabic (GA), for its possible role as a natural, nontoxic agent against CYCL-induced urotoxicity. Male Swiss albino rats were exposed to CYCL (150 mg/kg BW, once i.p) with or without GA oral supplementation (7.5 g/kg/day for 6 days) through drinking water. Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric oxide (NO) bladder contents were assessed. Responsiveness of the bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh) in vitro, microscopic and macroscopic features are also investigated. CYCL produced pronounced harmful effects on bladder urothelial lining with significant increases in (MDA) and NO levels in the tissue homogenates. Bladder-GSH content is dropped by over 60% following CYCL injection. Bladder contractility, as measured by its responsiveness to ACh, recorded a marked reduction. The isolated bladders exhibited such macroscopic changes as severe edema, inflammation and extravasation. The bladder weight increased as well. Histological changes were evident in the form of severe congestion, petechial hemorrhage and chronic inflammatory reaction in the lamina propria accompanied with desquamated epithelia. GA, a potential protective agent, produced an almost complete reversal of NO induction, lipid peroxidation or cellular GSH bladder contents in the GA + CYCL-treated group. Likewise, bladder inflammation and edema were reduced. Bladder rings showed a remarkable recovery in their responsiveness to ACh. Bladder histological examination showed a near normal configuration and structural integrity, with a significant reduction in inflammation and disappearance of focal erosions. These remarkable effects of GA may be attributed to its ability to neutralize acrolein, the reactive metabolite of CYCL and/or the resultant reactive oxygen metabolites, through a scavenging action. GA may limit the cascading events of CYCL-induced damage, initiating a cytoprotective effect leading to structural and functional recovery of the bladder tissues

Advanced methods for activated carbon from agriculture wastes; a comprehensive review

The rapid increase in various industries and the subsequent contamination of water bodies by heavy metals caused water stress circumstances globally. The adsorption is among the effective methods which is used for removing heavy metals from the water bodies. Moreover, the adsorption treatment of wastewater by activated carbon (AC) from bio-waste is getting recognition among researchers due to cost-effective. Therefore the current paper aimed to review the adsorption by activated carbon from agro waste, preparation method of AC and adsorption mechanism. The factors affecting the adsorption, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were also reviewed. It is appeared from the reviewed papers that the AC from agro waste exhibited high efficiency in removing heavy metals from different wastewater. Moreover, the metal-adsorbed adsorbent desorption through dilute acids are HCl, HNO3, NaOH, KOH, H2SO4, NaNO3, EDTA and Na-citrate. Therefore, the suitable eluting chemicals to the adsorbent and adsorbate must be selected in order to enable maximum recovering percentage

Changes in the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and c-reactive protein following administration of aqueous extract of piper sarmentosum on experimental rabbits fed with cholesterol diet

Background: Inflammation process plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum (P.s) on inflammatory markers like vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods: Forty two male New Zealand white rabbits were divided equally into seven groups; (i) C-control group fed normal rabbit chow (ii) CH-cholesterol diet (1 cholesterol) (iii) X1-1 cholesterol with water extract of P.s (62.5 mg/kg) (iv) X2-1 cholesterol with water extract of P.s (125 mg/kg (v) X3-1 cholesterol with water extract of P.s (250 mg/kg) (vi) X4-1 cholesterol with water extract of P.s (500 mg/kg) and (vii) SMV group fed with 1 cholesterol supplemented with simvistatin drug (1.2 mg/kg). All animals were treated for 10 weeks. Blood serum was taken for observing the inflammatory markers at the beginning and end of the experiment. Results: Rabbits fed with 1 cholesterol diet (CH) showed significant increase in the level of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CRP compared to the C group. The levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CRP in the 1 cholesterol group and supplemented with P.s (500 mg/kg) were significantly reduced compared to the cholesterol group. Similar results were also reported with simvistatin group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the supplementation of Piper sarmentosum extract could inhibit inflammatory markers which in turn could prevent atherosclerosis

In vivo anti-tumor effects of Azadirachta indica in rat liver cancer.

The aim of the current study is to determine the effects of A. indica aqueous extract on Diethyl Nitrosamine (DEN) and 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF) induced-hepatocarcinogenesis on Spraque-Dawley rats. The plant, A. indica, extract was prepared into 5% w/v in distilled water. Spraque-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups of 7 rats each. The groups were: DEN/AAF-induced rats (C), DEN/AAF-induced rats treated with 5% A. indica (CAI) and normal control group (N). In situ detection of DNA fragmentation, TUNEL assay, was used to investigate the apoptogenic properties of A. indica. RT-PCR was used to amplify AFP mRNA. TUNEL assay supported that there was more numbers of apoptotic cells in the liver of (CAI) group compared with (C) group. AFP gene was suppressed by the supplementation of A. indica to DEN/AAF rats (CAI). A. indica (Neem) has revealed a chemopreventive capability by regressing the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN/AAF carcinogens. This capability can be seen from the modulating effects of the plant in the biological indicators used in this study

Dermatological Emergencies in Family Medicine: Recognition, Management, and Referral Considerations

Numerous people with skin disorders who have real dermatologic crises show up at the emergency room. Family doctors need to be able to identify potentially fatal dermatological disorders quickly since they could be the first to encounter patients with these illnesses. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance for early recognition, help identify distinct symptoms, and enable early diagnosis of emerging dermatological conditions. Necrotizing fasciitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and other possible emergencies that might manifest as dermatological symptoms are examples of these conditions. In this article we will be discussing the dermatological emergencies present at primary care settings and encountered by family physician, recognition and management of those emergencies, referral considerations, role of family medicine in dermatological emergencies and other topics