176 research outputs found
An Overview of Broadband communication over Power Lines
Broadband over power lines are Systems for carrying
data on conductors used for electric power
transmission. Power line communication technologies
can be used for different applications ranging from
home automation to internet access.
With the spread of broadband technologies in the last
few years, there are yet significant areas in the world
that do not have access to high speed internet, as
compared with the few internet service providers in
existence, the additive expenditures of laying cables
and building necessary infrastructure to provide DSL
in many areas most especially rural areas is too great.
But if broadband is served through power lines
considering the fact that it exist all over the country,
there will be no need to build new infrastructure.
Therefore, anywhere there is electricity, there could
also be broadband.
Broadband over Power line is designed to offer an
alternative means to provide high speed internet
access, voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) and other
broadband services, using medium and low voltage
lines to reach customers and businesses by combining
the principle of wireless networking, modems and
Radio. Researchers and developers have created ways
to transmit data over power lines into homes at
speeds between 500kilobits and 3 megabits per
second which is equivalent to the cable DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) and this is achieved by modifying
the present power grids with specialized equipments.
With this knowledge, the broadband power line
developers could partner with power companies and
Internet service providers to bring broadband to
everyone with access to electricity
An assessment of the Health and Social Economic implications of satchet water in Ibadan Nigeria: A Public Health challenge
The inadequacy of pipe borne water in Ibadan Metropolis is almost endemic. This inadequacy
is both in quantity and quality of the public water supply. As an alternative to the water supply,
small scale industrial concerns came up with ‘PURE WATER’: 0.5Litre water in nylon sachets,
which are electrically heated, sealed at both ends and widely patronized by both low and
middle class Nigerians. The objective of the study was to find out the quality of such pure
water. Stratified, simple random sampling procedures were used to select 78 samples from 20
brands of sachet water from important hawkers/vendors. The samples were subjected to
physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis. For chemical analysis, Hanna’s 100
spectrophotometer plus chemical reagents were used. The water samples were assessed for
coliform and other intestinal bacteria using MKC cowkery broth (MM) and Brilliant Green Bile
Broth (BGBB). Multiple tube method was employed. The result showed that the physical
parameters were within W.H.O limits for drinking water quality guidelines except for pH which
ranged from 6.6 - 9.7. Some chemical parameters were also within the W.H.O guideline
values. However; aluminum which concentration ranged from 0.00 — 0.34 mg/l, fluoride
concentration ranged from 0.01 — 1.87 mg/I and cyanide concentration ranged from 0.000 —
0175 were not. Bacteriological analysis, showed that five (5) or 6.4% of the samples tested
fielded bacterial growth. Bacteria produced included: Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus faecalis and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enforcement of the regulation guiding water quality before the
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) to comply with the
drinking water qualities guideline values as recommended by W.H.O, becomes urgent
Inner retinal preservation in rat models of retinal degeneration implanted with subretinal photovoltaic arrays
Photovoltaic arrays (PVA) implanted into the subretinal space of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are designed to electrically stimulate the remaining inner retinal circuitry in response to incident light, thereby recreating a visual signal when photoreceptor function declines or is lost. Preservation of inner retinal circuitry is critical to the fidelity of this transmitted signal to ganglion cells and beyond to higher visual targets. Post-implantation loss of retinal interneurons or excessive glial scarring could diminish and/or eliminate PVA-evoked signal transmission. As such, assessing the morphology of the inner retina in RP animal models with subretinal PVAs is an important step in defining biocompatibility and predicting success of signal transmission. In this study, we used immunohistochemical methods to qualitatively and quantitatively compare inner retinal morphology after the implantation of a PVA in two RP models: the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) or transgenic S334ter-line 3 (S334ter-3) rhodopsin mutant rat. Two PVA designs were compared. In the RCS rat, we implanted devices in the subretinal space at 4 weeks of age and histologically examined them at 8 weeks of age and found inner retinal morphology preservation with both PVA devices. In the S334ter-3 rat, we implanted devices at 6-12 weeks of age and again, inner retinal morphology was generally preserved with either PVA design 16-26 weeks post-implantation. Specifically, the length of rod bipolar cells and numbers of cholinergic amacrine cells were maintained along with their characteristic inner plexiform lamination patterns. Throughout the implanted retinas we found nonspecific glial reaction, but none showed additional glial scarring at the implant site. Our results indicate that subretinally implanted PVAs are well-tolerated in rodent RP models and that the inner retinal circuitry is preserved, consistent with our published results showing implant-evoked signal transmission
Association between financial links to indoor tanning industry and conclusions of published studies on indoor tanning: Systematic review
Objective To assess whether an association exists between financial links to the indoor tanning industry and conclusions of indoor tanning literature. Design Systematic review. Data sources PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, up to 15 February 2019. Study selection criteria Articles discussing indoor tanning and health were eligible for inclusion, with no article type restrictions (original research, systematic reviews, review articles, case reports, editorials, commentaries, and letters were all eligible). Basic science studies, articles describing only indoor tanning prevalence, non-English articles, and articles without full text available were excluded. Results 691 articles were included in analysis, including empiric articles (eg, original articles or systematic reviews) (357/691; 51.7%) and non-empiric articles letters (eg, commentaries, letters, or editorials) (334/691; 48.3%). Overall, 7.2% (50/691) of articles had financial links to the indoor tanning industry; 10.7% (74/691) articles favored indoor tanning, 3.9% (27/691) were neutral, and 85.4% (590/691) were critical of indoor tanning. Among the articles without industry funding, 4.4% (27/620) favored indoor tanning, 3.5% (22/620) were neutral, and 92.1% (571/620) were critical of indoor tanning. Among the articles with financial links to the indoor tanning industry, 78% (39/50) favored indoor tanning, 10% (5/50) were neutral, and 12% (6/50) were critical of indoor tanning. Support from the indoor tanning industry was significantly associated with favoring indoor tanning (risk ratio 14.3, 95% confidence interval 10.0 to 20.4). Conclusions Although most articles in the indoor tanning literature are independent of industry funding, articles with financial links to the indoor tanning industry are more likely to favor indoor tanning. Public health practitioners and researchers need to be aware of and account for industry funding when interpreting the evidence related to indoor tanning. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019123617
Prevalence of Refractive Error and Attitude to Spectacle Use among Drivers of Public Institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria
Background: High rate of motor vehicle accidents have been associated
with poor vision. Studies on drivers from elsewhere other than health
institutions have found abnormal visual acuities. The aim of this study
is to determine prevalence of refractive errors and the attitude to
spectacle wear among drivers of public institutions studied. Methods:
A cross sectional population study of all 99 motor vehicle drivers from
the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College
Hospital (UCH) Ibadan between December 2003 and January 2004. Results:
The ninety-nine motor vehicle drivers in the study comprised of 67
(67.7%) from the College of Medicine, and 32 (32.3%) from the UCH. All
were males, aged 38 to 60 years, mean 50.1 \ub1 (SD= 4.8 years).
Proportion of drivers with refractive errors was 16.7% (95% CI,
16.6-16.8) but only 56.3% of these wear glasses while driving (others
did not including 3 out 4 who were bilaterally visually impaired
without glasses). Relative frequency of RTA among drivers was 16.2%,
the risk was marginally higher among drivers with refractive error (OR
1.2, 95% CI: 0.4-3.7). The commonest refractive error was simple
hypermetropia present in 15 eyes. Hypermetropia was associated with
increasing age of drivers (p<0.05). Majority (97.7%) of the drivers
were presbyopic but only 32 (32.3%) were current wearers of spectacles.
Conclusion: Refractive errors were present in 16.7% of drivers
studied. But 43.8% of these (3 out 4 of whom were bilaterally visually
impaired without glasses) do not wear corrective lenses while driving.
There is need for periodic visual screening exercise and eye health
education on drivers.Introduction: Taux \ue9lev\ue9 des accidents de la circulation
routi\ue8re est associ\ue9 \ue0 une mauvaise vision. Des
\ue9tudes sur les chauffeurs ailleurs en d\ue9hors des centres
hospitaliers ont indiqu\ue9 des acuit\ue9s visuelles anormales.
L'objet de cette \ue9tude est de d\ue9cider la fr\ue9quence
d'erreurs de r\ue9fraction et le comportement par rapport \ue0
l'utilisation des lunettes parmi des chauffeurs dans des institutions
publiques. M\ue9thodes: Une \ue9tude d'un groupe
repr\ue9sentatif de la population de tous le 99 chauffeurs des
voitures du Coll\ue8ge hospitaliter universitaire d'Ibadan et du
Coll\ue8ge de la m\ue9dicine, Universit\ue9 d'Ibadan entre
d\ue9cembre 2003 et janvier 2004. R\ue9sultats: Quatre-vingt
dix-neuf chauffeurs des vehicles dans cette \ue9tude \ue0 savoir,
67 soit 67,7% de Coll\ue8ge de la m\ue9dicine, et 32 soit 32,3% de
CHU. Tous \ue9taient du sexe masculin , \ue2g\ue9s de 38 au 60
ans, moyen 50,1 \ub1 (SD = 4,8 ans) La proportion des chauffeurs avec
erreurs de r\ue9fraction \ue9tait 16,7% soit 95% cl, 16,6 \u2013
16,8) mais seulement 56,3% de ceux qui portent des lunettes pendant
qu'il conduissent (les autres ne le fait pas y compris 3 sur 4 qui sont
bilat\ue9ralement des personnes qui ont des probl\ue8mes de vue
sans des lunettes) fr\ue9quence r\ue9lative de ACR parmi des
chauffeurs \ue9tait 16,2%. Le danger est presque plus \ue9lev\ue9
parmi des chauffeurs avec des erreurs de r\ue9fraction (OR 1, 2,95%
cl ; 0,4 \u2013 3,7). L'erreur de r\ue9fraction le plus ordinaire
\ue9tait tout simplement l'hyperm\ue9tropie qui est present dans 15
yeux. L'yperm\ue9tropie \ue9tait associe\ue9 \ue0
l'augmentation de l'\ue2ge des chauffeurs (P<0,05) La
majorit\ue9 soit 97,7% des chauffeurs \ue9taient presbyopique mais
seulement 32 soit 32,3% \ue9taient des porteurs actuel des lunettes.
Conclusion: Errurs de r\ue9fraction \ue9taient present en 16,7%
des chauffeurs \ue9tudi\ue9s. Mais 43,8% de ceuxci (3 entre 4 dont
\ue9tait bilat\ue9ralement des personnes qui ont des probl\ue8mes
de vue sans de lunettes) ne portent pas des lunettes quand ils
conduissent. C'est n\ue9cessaire de faire un d\ue9pistage visuel
p\ue9riodique et cr\ue9er une renseignment m\ue9dicale sur les
yeux pour des chauffeur
Risk factors for road traffic accidents among drivers of public institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria
Recent studies have shown an increase in the rate of road traffic
accident (RTA). Identifying the risk factors for this problem may
provide a clue to possible effective intervention. This study aimed to
determine the prevalence and risk factors for self reported RTA among
drivers of educational institutions and make suggestions to promote
safer driving. A cross sectional population study of motor vehicle
drivers from the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and
University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan was undertaken between
December 2003 and January 2004. The study comprised of 99 motor vehicle
drivers. 67 (67.7%) were from the College of Medicine, and 32 (32.3%)
from the UCH. Response rate was 97.1%. All were males, aged 38 to 60
years, mean 50.1 \ub1 (SD= 4.8 years). The prevalence of self
reported RTA was 16.2%. The cause of road traffic accidents included,
mechanical fault (50%), bad road (12.5%). RTA prevalence was higher
among older drivers (OR=1.7, 95%CI=0.5-5.9; P>0,05), drivers who had
part time jobs (Odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3; X2 =4.5, P=0.03), and
drivers with visual impairment (OR=1.6, 95% CI=0-9, X2 0.49, P >
0.05). The prevalence of RTA was lower amongst drivers who did not take
alcohol, cola nut and other CNS stimulants while driving (OR 0.9, 95%
CI=0.3-2.3, P >0.05). Regular maintenance of official vehicles and
examination of drivers\u2019 eyes are recommended. Drivers should be
discouraged from drugs and part jobs so as to ensure that they have
enough time to rest and therefore prevent fatigue related RTA
Epidermal growth factor mediates spermatogonial proliferation in newt testis
The complex processes of spermatogenesis are regulated by various factors. The aim of the current study is to determine the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on spermatogonial proliferation and clarify the mechanism causing the proliferation in newt testis. In the organ culture, EGF stimulated spermatogonial proliferation, but not their differentiation into spermatocytes. cDNA cloning identified 3 members of the EGF receptors, ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4, in the testis. RT-PCR showed that all the receptors cloned were expressed in both Sertoli and germ cells at the spermatogonial stage. In the organ cultures with inhibitors for the EGF receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the EGF-induced spermatogonial proliferation was suppressed. Furthermore, when the organ culture was exposed to EGF, the expressions of stem cell factor (SCF), immunoglobulin-like domain containing neuregulin1 (Ig-NRG1), and ErbB4 mRNA were increased. These results suggested that, since the spermatogonia are sequestered within cysts by the blood-testis barrier consisted of Sertoli cells, EGF possibly mediates spermatogonial proliferation in an endocrine manner through the receptors including ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4 expressed on Sertoli cells via activation of MAPK cascade or/and PI3K cascade by elevating the expressions of SCF, Ig-NRG1, and ErbB4
Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms
[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop
production but at the same time its management may
pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected
from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories
(gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and
growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients,
micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids.
Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane
potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical
conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content
were also determined. Data analysis included an
analysis of correlations among variables, the development
of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the
analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop
production. Descriptive information is provided in this
work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied
variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical
parameters, probably as a consequence of
different slurry management and use of cleaning water.
Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to
be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry
from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be
more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among
slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas
emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable
parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4
(R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated
in commercial farms from easily determined
slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition
was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses
of slurries should be performed for an effective and
environmental friendly land application.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Antezana-Julian, WO.; Blas, CD.; García-Rebollar, P.; Rodríguez, C.; Beccaccia, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Cerisuelo, A.... (2016). Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 104(2):159-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9764-3S1591731042Aarnink AJA, Verstegen MWA (2007) Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production. 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