Applied linguistics as a manifestation of exo-, meso- and endo-symbiosis

An assumption is made that applied linguistics may be viewed as an outcome of an interplay of a dichotomy of endogenous and exogenous symbionts, mediated by important mesogenous symbionts acting jointly within the domain of language and communication. All of them form a system of bifurcations which may generally be called ‘a flow tool-language design’ or The Bifurcational Model of Symbiosis (BiMoS). In this model, bifurcations form a ‘grammar of bifurcations’ whose power is symbiotic in the overall functioning of language. Furthermore, the occurrence of the above mentioned types of symbionts on the language side allows for a division of ‘linguolabourese’ (or the whole ‘life of language’ as opposed to ‘instrumentolabourese’, or the whole ‘life of tools’) into three more or less distinct and interconnected areas of symbiosis: the exogenous area, the mesogenous area, and the endogenous area, respectively. The afore mentioned areas further justify a division of linguistics into three respective types: exogenous (exo-) linguistics, mesogenous (meso-) linguistics, and endogenous (endo-) linguistics. Their subdomains of interest vary but are highly interconnected, blended and synergistic. Applied linguistics is viewed here as belonging predominantly to (or taking theoretical and practical interest in) the mesogenous and endogenous areas of linguolabourese, though it is strongly supported by the underlying exogenous area.An assumption is made that applied linguistics may be viewed as an outcome of an interplay of a dichotomy of endogenous and exogenous symbionts, mediated by important mesogenous symbionts acting jointly within the domain of language and communication. All of them form a system of bifurcations which may generally be called ‘a flow tool-language design’ or The Bifurcational Model of Symbiosis (BiMoS). In this model, bifurcations form a ‘grammar of bifurcations’ whose power is symbiotic in the overall functioning of language. Furthermore, the occurrence of the above mentioned types of symbionts on the language side allows for a division of ‘linguolabourese’ (or the whole ‘life of language’ as opposed to ‘instrumentolabourese’, or the whole ‘life of tools’) into three more or less distinct and interconnected areas of symbiosis: the exogenous area, the mesogenous area, and the endogenous area, respectively. The afore mentioned areas further justify a division of linguistics into three respective types: exogenous (exo-) linguistics, mesogenous (meso-) linguistics, and endogenous (endo-) linguistics. Their subdomains of interest vary but are highly interconnected, blended and synergistic. Applied linguistics is viewed here as belonging predominantly to (or taking theoretical and practical interest in) the mesogenous and endogenous areas of linguolabourese, though it is strongly supported by the underlying exogenous area

Tradition and innovation in the water buffalo dairy products

AbstractThe first part of a two-part synthesis paper focuses on current research on optimization of Mozzarella cheese manufacture. Starting from technology of traditional cheese points susceptible of modification are identified for achieving greater yield and improving quality. In addition ingredients are identified which can enhance quality and performance characteristic of cheese also in term of economy. The second part considers the development of new cheese varieties whose technology has been developed in bovine milk. Water buffalo cheese reproducing bovine counterpart varieties like Gorgonzola, Grana, Asiago, Taleggio has been developed and are commercially available. Yogurt, and kefir, have also developed to enrich the panel of water buffalo dairy products

Metastatic tumors to the stomach: clinical and endoscopic features.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical and endoscopic patterns in a large series of patients with metastatic tumors in the stomach. METHODS: A total of 64 patients with gastric metastases from solid malignant tumors were retrospectively examined between 1990 and 2005. The clinicopathological findings were reviewed along with tumor characteristics such as endoscopic pattern, location, size and origin of the primary sites. RESULTS: Common indications for endoscopy were anemia, bleeding and epigastric pain. Metastases presented as solitary (62.5%) or multiple (37.5%) tumors were mainly located in the middle or upper third of stomach. The main primary metastatic tumors were from breast and lung cancer and malignant melanoma. CONCLUSION: As the prognosis of cancer patients has been improving gradually, gastrointestinal (GI) metastases will be encountered more often. Endoscopic examinations should be conducted carefully in patients with malignancies, and endoscopic biopsies and information on the patient's clinical history are useful for correct diagnosis of gastric metastases

Tas-102 in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life in heavily pretreated elderly patients: A real-life study

Background: TAS-102 is an oral monotherapy, combining trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride, indicated for the treatment of pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The aim of this real-life study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TAS-102 in heavily pretreated elderly patients with mCRC whose disease has progressed with standard therapies. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we enrolled 50 elderly patients >70 years of age (median age 78 years) with a diagnosis of mCRC who were previously treated or were not considered candidates for treatment with other available therapies. Patients aged >70 years with advanced colorectal cancer and with an ECOG performance status of grade 0 (n=18) or grade 1 (n=32) were included. Overall survival and progression-free survival were the primary endpoints, whereas objective response rate, tolerability, and quality of life were the secondary endpoints. Results: Treatment with TAS-102 appeared to be well tolerated and side effects were generally mild, achieving disease control and a benefit on quality of life. The median overall survival was 6.7 (95% CI 5.7-11.3) and the median progression-free survival was 2.1 months (95% CI 1.2-3.2), estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Conclusion: TAS-102 represents a manageable and effective therapeutic opportunity and appeared to be well tolerated with generally mild side effects in elderly patients with mCRC who were heavily pretreated with standard therapies

Kinetics of Formation of Butyric and Pyroglutamic Acid during the Shelf Life of Probiotic, Prebiotic and Synbiotic Yoghurt

Butyric acid (C4) and pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) exert significant beneficial effects on human health. In this study, the influence of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria) and/or prebiotics (1 and 3% inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides) on the content of C4 and pGlu in yoghurt during the shelf-life period was evaluated. The contents of C4 and pGlu were determined in probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic yoghurts during 30 days of storage at 4 ◦C by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HPLC analysis. Traditional yoghurt and uninoculated milk were used as control. Prebiotic yoghurt contained more C4 (2.2–2.4 mg/kg) than the uninoculated milk, and no increase was detected with respect to traditional yoghurt. However, probiotic yoghurt showed 10% more C4 than traditional yoghurt. Adding fibre to probiotics (synbiotic yoghurt) the C4 content increased by 30%. Regarding pGlu, probiotic yoghurt presented the highest content of approximately 130 mg/100 g. Fibre did not affect pGlu content. Finally, C4 and pGlu contents generally increased up to 20 days of storage and then decreased up to 30 days of storage. The results might be useful for the preparation of other functional foods rich in C4 and pGlu using lactic acid bacteria

Two Case Reports of Biliary Tract Injuries during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background and Study Aims. Biliary tract injuries (BTI) represent the most serious and potentially life-threatening complication of cholecystectomy occurring also during laparoscopic approaches. Patients and Methods. We describe and discuss two different cases of BTI occurring during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Results. Two patients developed BTI during LC and one evidenced the complication during the LC itself and was treated during the same LC in real time. The other patient evidenced BTI only after the primary intervention and was successfully reoperated in laparotomy after 10 days from the LC. Conclusions. The factors that predispose to the occurrence of BTI during cholecystectomy and the cautions to be used to prevent BTI are discussed