Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activity of Camel Milk on Poloxamer-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rats

Background: Hyperlipidemia has been implicated as the major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. The current hypothesis suggests oxidative stress as an underlying mechanism through which hyperlipidemia provoke degenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the ameliorative and antioxidant effect of camel milk on poloxamer 407 (P407) induced hyperlipidemia in albino rats. Methods: Thirty male wistar rats were subdivided into six groups (Group 1-6) with each containing five animals (n=5). Group 1 served as normal control, while Groups 2-6 were induced with Poloxamer 407 intra peritoneally twice a week for three weeks. Group 2 served as hyperlipidemic untreated, group 3 was co-administered with atorvastatin tablet 20mg/kg orally and groups 4, 5 and 6 were co-administered with camel milk at a dose of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively via oral route. After three weeks, blood samples determination of Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride(TG), High Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL), Malondialdhyde (MDA), Catalase(CAT) Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) and Gluthatione Peroxidase(GPx) were carried out. Results: Total cholesterol was significantly (p< 0.05) decreased in group treated with camel milk at 1000mg/kg (174.68 ±46.92 mg/dl), treatment with camel milk doses 250mg/kg(63.57±6.34mg/dl), 500mg/kg (45.07±3.13mg/dl), 1000mg/kg (91.38±5.52mg/dl) significantly (p<0.05) reduced high triglyceride level induced by P407. Camel milk treated group at dose 250mg/kg showed significant increase in HDL (208.72±7.88 mg/dl), while camel milk treated groups 250mg/kg and 1000mg/kg showed significant decrease in LDL; (214.15±21.72mg/dl) and (114.75±42.83mg/dl) respectively. Camel milk significantly (p<0.05) increase in the level of SOD at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg (9.25±0.51 U/ml and 11.04± 1.14 U/ml) respectively, however, there was no significant (p>0.05) effect on CAT. There was also no significant difference in MDA between all camel milk treated groups and the normal control group. Conclusion: These findings highlight the ameliorative potentials of camel milk in P407 induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress of albino rats

Evaluation of the effect of co-administration of resveratrol and vitamin E on carbamazepine-induced oxidative stress in male adult wistar rats

Background: Carbamazepine (CBZ) as a drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain has been shown to stimulate the effects of free radicals. Resveratrol, known as 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, is found in grapes and other plant product. It effectively scavenges free radicals and other oxidants. Vitamin E is a lipid soluble antioxidant present in all cellular membranes. The present study assessed the combined effect of vitamin E and resveratrol on biomakers of carbamazepine- induced oxidative stress. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 25) were randomly allotted to five groups:  Group I (control) received distilled water; Group II received CBZ (50 mg/kg); Group III received CBZ (50 mg/kg) and vitamin E (200 mg/kg); Group IV received CBZ (50 mg/kg) and resveratrol (20mg/kg); Group V received CBZ (50 mg/kg) and the co-administration of vitamin E at 200 mg/kg and resveratrol at 20 mg/kg. Administration was done orally daily for 45 days, after which the animals were sacrificed and sera samples were used for biochemical analyses. The results show that treatment with CBZ significantly (p<0.01) increased malondyaldehyde (MDA) serum level and decreased the levels of oxidative stress bio-makers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] when compared to that of normal control. However, treatment with vitamin E (200mg/kg) and resveratrol (20mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) reduced CBZinduced increase in serum MDA level and increased the level of oxidative stress bio-makers (SOD, CAT and GPx) in comparison to CBZ-treated group. The co-administration of vitamin E (200mg/kg) and resveratrol (20mg/kg) showed non-statistically significant increase in SOD, CAT and GPx and reduced serum MDA level in comparison to either vitamin E or resveratrol treated group. The results support that vitamin E 200mg/kg and resveratrol 20mg/kg or their combination ameliorates CBZ-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. The effects of these antioxidants are considered to be related to their intrinsic ability to scavenge free radical

The beneficial role of resveratrol on chlorpyrifos-induced cognitive impairment and lipid peroxidation biomarker in Swiss albino mice

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been associated with cognitive and psychomotor impairments in both humans and animals. This cognitive impairment has been linked to its enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating capacity. Therefore, antioxidant treatment may provide a novel therapeutic window for the management of these related impairments. The aim of this work was to evaluate the beneficial role of resveratrol on chlorpyrifos-induced cognitive impairment and lipid peroxidation biomarker in Swiss albino mice. Swiss albino mice were divided into (6) six groups of five each (n=5). Group I served as the control and were administered olive oil (2 ml/kg), group II received carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 10 mg/kg, group III received resveratrol 30 mg/kg, group IV received chlorpyrifos (CPF) 3 mg/kg, group V received CPF (3 mg/kg) after the oral administration of resveratrol (30 mg/kg) and group VI received Vitamin E (Vit E) 100 mg/kg All administrations were done by oral gavage for a duration of 21 days. Cognitive function was assessed using Y-maze,and Novel object recognition tests and oxidative stress was evaluated using oxidative biomarkers techniques.The results obtained showed that resveratrol at dose 30 mg/kg significantly(p<0.05) improved cognitive impairment and significantly decreased (p<0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration when compared with the control. In conclusion, 30mg/kg resveratrol suppressed memory impairment, decreased malondialdehyde levels, increased catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels in our chlorpyrifos-induced cognitive impairment mice model.Keywords: cognition, chlorpyrifos, resveratrol, memor

Heat tolerance of Zebu and Friesian-Zebu crosses in the Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria

Comparative evaluation of the zebu and crossbreds to heat tolerance were carried out over a period of 4 months. Physiological measurements of two indigenous zebu breeds of cattle, Bunaji (BU) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) and the half-crosses of Friesian-White Fulani (CB) were taken after exposure to field conditions. Rectal temperature did not differ between breeds but respiration rate and sweating rate were higher in the CB. Haematocrit and plasma protein did not differ significantly between breeds. The repeatability of respiration rate was therefore a more reliable physiological measure of response to climatic stress. The CB was less adapted than the zebu

Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (USMR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71.2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval WI] 68.3-74-0) in 2000 to 37.1 (33.2-41.7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28.0 deaths per 1000 live births (26.8-29-5) in 2000 to 17.9 (16.3-19-8) in 2019. In 2019,136 (67%) of 204 countries had a USMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030,154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9.65 million (95% UI 9.05-10.30) in 2000 and 5.05 million (4.27-6.02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3.76 million [95% UI 3.53-4.021) in 2000 to 48% (2.42 million; 2.06-2.86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0.80 (95% UI 0.71-0.86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1.44 (95% UI 1-27-1.58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1.87 million (95% UI 1-35-2.58; 37% [95% UI 32-43]) of 5.05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve USMR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI