"Żadna kobieta nie jest tylko kobietą". Edyty Stein teologiczna wizja roli kobiet w Kościele i społeczeństwie

The article analyses Edith Stein’s theological view of women’s role in theChurch and society. First, the phase of her life is presented during which she wrote her essays about women. Second, the methodological question is discussed how we can interpret her works as theological. In the main part her understanding of sexes is presented. Stein describes three levels of a human being. On the first level all people are equal and should therefore have the same political rights and educational opportunities (egalitarianism). On the second level, Stein speaks about difference between women and men in nearly essentialists categories. On the third level, she writes about exceptionality of every person (individualism). It follows that not every woman must have ‘female’ characteristics from the second level. In order to understand her thinking about women, it is very important that her integrate theological and anthropological vision should be taken into consideration

Twierdza Toruń we współczesnej przestrzeni miasta

Artykuł pochodzi z książki pt. „Dziedzictwo kulturowe - ochrona i adaptacja jako szansa na rozwój”, red. W. Tołoczko, Łódź 2008Materiały Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Studenckich Kół Naukowych Geografów "Dziedzictwo kulturowe: ochrona i adaptacja jako szansa na rozwój” Łódź, 7-9 marca 2008 r.Publikacja sfinansowana przez Prorektora ds. Nauki Uniwersytetu Łódzkieg

SU(2) Cosmological Solitons

We present a class of numerical solutions to the SU(2) nonlinear $\sigma$-model coupled to the Einstein equations with cosmological constant $\Lambda\geq 0$ in spherical symmetry. These solutions are characterized by the presence of a regular static region which includes a center of symmetry. They are parameterized by a dimensionless ``coupling constant'' $\beta$, the sign of the cosmological constant, and an integer ``excitation number'' $n$. The phenomenology we find is compared to the corresponding solutions found for the Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) equations with positive $\Lambda$ (EYM$\Lambda$). If we choose $\Lambda$ positive and fix $n$, we find a family of static spacetimes with a Killing horizon for $0 \leq \beta < \beta_{max}$. As a limiting solution for $\beta = \beta_{max}$ we find a {\em globally} static spacetime with $\Lambda=0$, the lowest excitation being the Einstein static universe. To interpret the physical significance of the Killing horizon in the cosmological context, we apply the concept of a trapping horizon as formulated by Hayward. For small values of $\beta$ an asymptotically de Sitter dynamic region contains the static region within a Killing horizon of cosmological type. For strong coupling the static region contains an ``eternal cosmological black hole''.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, Revte

Distance from the city centre as a determinant of hotel room rates

In the recent studies, the impact of hotels’ distance from city centre on room rates has been widely discussed. The aim of this paper was to depict findings from the 2009 and 2013 research conducted by the authors in the four Polish cities: Cracow, Poznan, Warsaw and Wroclaw. Hotel industry in mentioned metropolises is most developed in Poland: most of hotels are located in these cities, and the number of the hotel rooms offered in these metropolises is most significant. The authors discuss the influence of hotels’ distance from city centre on room rates. The authors consider hotel rooms offered in Cracow, Poznan, Warsaw and Wroclaw, sold in the summer and autumn 2009 and 2013, on particular days: working days and weekends. The authors’ findings are compared with results of studies carried out by other researchers for few European and Asian cities. Because of multinational aspect of cities’ competitiveness, mentioned comparison seems to be crucial. Therefore, understanding the spatial specific of the hotel room rates offered in Cracow, Poznan, Warsaw and Wroclaw might be useful for building global competitiveness of mentioned cities

Seasonal residence and counterurbanization: the role of second homes in population redistribution in Finland

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Can the application of computed tomography laser mammography (CTLM) in dense breast (category 3,4 according to ACR) examinations combined with x-ray mammography enhance the detection of breast cancer?

Background: The aim of this study was an attempt to answer the question whether laser mammography in dense breast (classified as category 3,4 according to ACR) examination together with x-ray mammography can enhance the detection of breast cancer. Material/Method: 248 women who had undergone a CTLM examination and mammography in the Department of Radiology of Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology in the years 2005-2007 were analyzed retrospectively. In these examinations, x-ray mammography did not reveal lesions (BIRADS 1, category 3 and 4 according to ACR). An interval between CTLM and mammography did not exceed 30 days. The examination result was verified by cytology/histopathology or observation after a minimum of 12 months provided a regular result. CTLM visualizes normal and pathological blood vessels and tissues which are rich in blood, because laser rays used in CTLM (808nm) are more absorbable by hemoglobin than by the surrounding tissue, making it possible to show a malignant tumor by its accompanying angiogenesis. The result of CTLM mammography was qualified either as the presence (+) or absence (–) of angiogenesis. Results: Among 248 women, angiogenesis was discovered by CTLM in 48 cases, in the CTLM (+) Group 13/48 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, whereas 35/48 were diagnosed with benign lesions. Angiogenesis was not identified in 200 women, in the CTLM (-) group 13/200 were diagnosed finally with cancer, with 187/200 patients having no malignancy. Ultimately, in the group of 248 women (with dense breast, category 3 and 4 according to ACR), in whom x-ray mammography did not reveal malignant processes (BIRADS 1), 26 cancers were detected out of which 13 were revealed with CTLM Conclusions: Computed Tomography Laser Mammography, when used as an adjunct to x-ray mammography, enhances the detection of breast cancer in women with dense breast tissue

Polish Corporate Foundations - Key Facts

This document presents data collected about the corporate foundation sector in Poland in the framework of a survey conducted in June- September 2012

Municipal budget as an instrument of tourism development policy in rural municipalities in the region of Łódź

Głównym celem badań było wskazanie, czy budżet gminy może być wykorzystany jako narzędzie realizacji planów strategicznych dotyczących rozwoju turystyki w gminie. Badania zrealizowano w wybranych gminach wiejskich województwa łódzkiego. Realizacja celu głównego możliwa była dzięki pogłębionej analizie uchwał budżetowych i sprawozdań z wykonania budżetów. Rezultatem owej analizy była pełna identyfikacja środków na rozwój turystyki w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego. Do osiągnięcia celu głównego konieczna była też analiza planów strategicznych określających kierunki rozwoju turystyki. Finalnie, dokonano oceny zgodności pomiędzy zadaniami zaplanowanymi w dokumentacji strategicznej i w budżetach gmin. Pozwoliło to na wskazanie, w jakim stopniu budżety wykorzystywane są do realizacji planów strategicznych gmin. Pośrednio oceniono jakość polityki turystycznej w gminach.The main goal of the paper is to verify, if the municipal budget can be implemented as an instrument of tourism development local policy. Presented case study research were conducted in five selected rural municipalities. Authors analysed budget plans and reports on budget execution. Furthermore, municipal expenditures on tourism development were clearly identified. The analysis of tourism development local plans and strategies was necessary. Finally, authors assessed compatibility of budget tasks with strategic plans at a local level. Therefore, local tourism policy could be partially evaluated