Convergence and Completeness in L_2 (P) with respect to a Partial Metric

Metric spaces can be generalized to be partial metric spaces. Partial metric spaces have a unique concept related to a distance. In usual case, there is no distance from two same points. But, we can obtain the distance from two same points in partial metric spaces. It means that the distance is not absolutely zero. Using the basic concept of partial metric spaces, we find analogy between metric spaces and partial metric spaces. We define a metric d^p formed by a partial metric p, with applying characteristics of metric and partial metric. At the beginning, we implement the metric d^p to determine sequences in L_2 (P). We then ensure the convergence and completeness in L_2 [a,b] can be established in L_2 (P). In this study, we conclude that the convergence and completeness in L_2 [a,b]  can be established in L_2 (P) by constructing a partial metric p_2 induced by a metric d^p

Tabligh as a Form of Information Sharing for Women: ‘Aisyiyah during the COVID-19 Pandemic in East Java

The COVID-19 pandemic has made everyone adapt in order to survive. The pandemic has an impact on all sectors of society, including religion, economy, health, and education. \u27Aisyiyah is an organized women\u27s Muslim group that helps the community in dealing with COVID-19. \u27Aisyiyah uses tabligh as a form of information sharing to educate their cadres and the public regarding community problems in dealing with COVID-19. Through qualitative research methods, this study describes in detail how the model and impact of tabligh activities have been carried out by \u27Aisyiyah during the pandemic. The results of the study show that tabligh regarding COVID-19 has been a means of education and enlightenment in the community that was met with high enthusiasm from the public. The During the pandemic, \u27Aisyiyah East Java was involved in the Social Ta\u27awun Movement (people-help movement), Centelan and “For Masks.” Other efforts were also carried out by \u27Aisyiyah to reach cadres and congregations and invite them to take part in online discussions, to make them feel that they are recognized, accepted, and treated humanely. A negative drawback of online outreach is that many people in East Java cannot attend because of difficulties in using information technology, but the positive impact is that people are able to attend tabligh at any time and do not need to attend in person. ‘Aisyiyah cares for its cadres through measures such as helping to boost immunity and strengthening faith and psychological health as well as providing moral support and assistance to cadres and their families who were left behind during the COVID-19 pandemic

Preliminary toxicological evaluations of Polypeptide-K isolated from Momordica Charantia in laboratory rats.

This study examined the toxicological effects and safety of polypeptide k isolated from the seeds of Momordica charantia in laboratory rats. 30 male Sprague Dawley rats (12 weeks old, bodyweight 180-200 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups (1000 mg/kg, 500 mg and 0 mg/kg). Rats were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for 7 days and at day 8 rats were dosed orally with polypeptide k (in 2% DMSO/normal saline) and the controls received the dosed vehicle only. Rats were then observed for 72 hours before sacrificed. Rats were anaesthetized by pentobarbital (50 mg/kg ip) and 2-3.0 mL of blood was taken by cardiac puncture and rats were scarified by anaesthetic overdose. Immediately, organs (heart, lungs, liver, kidneys) were weigh and taken for histology. Organ sections were then evaluated by a histopathologist. Serum samples were assayed for liver functions (ALT and γ-GT) and kidney functions (BUN and creatinine). All rats showed normal behavior after the dosing and no statistical changes were observed in al blood parameters and organ weight. Histological examinations revealed normal organ structures. In conclusion, dosing of rats up to 1000 mg/kg did not have any effects on the rat behavior, liver or kidney functions nor histology of the selected organs

Pengaruh Pendekatan Kontekstual Terhadap Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif Peserta Didik

Artikel ini membahas tentang pengaruh pendekatan kontekstual terhadap kemampuan penalaran ditinjau dari gaya kognitif peserta didik. Jenis penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan desain Faktorial  menggunakan uji analisis dua jalur dan uji Tukey. Metode pengumpulan data melalui pemberian tes kemampuan penalaran dan Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pembelajaran kontekstual subjek bergaya kognitif Field Independent menguasi lebih tiga dari empat indikator pemampuan penalaran matematis dengan nilai . Sementara pada pembelajaran langsung, subjek bergaya kognitif Field Independent hanya menguasi kurang tiga dari empat indikator kemampuan penalaran matematis dengan nilai nilai . Dengan demikian, terdapat pengaruh pendekatan kontekstual terhadap kemampuan penalaran peserta didik yang mempunyai gaya kognitif Field Independent

Performance of DWT and SWT in muscle fatigue detection

Ability of wavelet transform in accessing time and frequency information at the same time make it widely used in analyzing bio-signals like electromyography (EMG). Discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and stationary wavelet transform (SWT) are examples of analysis based on wavelet. Both analyses are based on decomposition technique and splitting signals into few frequency band. The different is DWT will down sample resolution into half at each decomposition level, while SWT is not. This paper is investigating both analyses in its ability on de-noising process of EMG using the same properties. The signals will be decomposed into five level of decomposition using 'db20', and de-noised using the same threshold setting. The performance will be evaluated based on its signals to noise ratio and muscle fatigue detection. Results show that de-noising process through SWT give better signals to ratio. Inability in DWT removed 20Hz corner frequency in several reading lead to misinterpretation in fatigue detection

Diuretic properties of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Orthosiphon stamineus has been used in traditional medicine for centuries especially to treat diseases of the urinary system. Aim of the study: To investigate the diuretic activity, to elucidate its possible mechanism and to evaluate the renal effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extract. Materials and methods: Water extracts were administered orally at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats and the control groups were given commercial diuretic drugs either furosemide or hydrochlorthiazide at 10 mg/kg. Urine volume, urine pH, urine density and urine electrolytes were determined every hour for 4 h. Blood was assayed for glucose, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Results: O. stamineus extract exhibited dose-dependent diuretic activity. However, excretion of Na+ and Cl- was not markedly elevated, but urinary excretion of K+ was significantly increased. O. stamineus extracts slightly increased the serum BUN, creatinine and blood glucose level. Although these levels were statistically significant when compared to control, these levels were still within normal range. Conclusions: O. stamineus exhibited diuretic activity, but was less potent than furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. Care should be taken when consuming this herb as slight increase of kidney function enzymes was recorded

Estimation of wavelet threshold value for surface EMG baseline removal

High quality of surface electromyography is vital during investigation on muscle activity. Low quality of surface EMG signals causes extracted signals to be inaccurate and lead to misinterpretation and misclassification of the signals. A surface EMG signal quality is determined by the ratio of muscle contraction to its baseline during muscle relaxation period. Baseline noises are originated from powerline, cable motion artefact, electronics of the amplification systems and skin-electrode interface. The noises are quite difficult to be removed by digital or active filter since they do not have specific frequency range like powerline interference and corner frequency noise. However, wavelet de-noising enables users to remove noise by accessing both frequency and time information. Baseline surface EMG noise is possible to be removed by estimating de-noise threshold based on mean absolute value and root mean square of its baseline. The result of this study shows that the proposed estimation of threshold method is better than the conventional threshold setting

Diuretic activity of roots from Carica papaya L. and Ananas comosus L.

Water extracts of Carica papaya and Ananas comosus extracts were administered orally at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg to Spraque Dawley rats. Two other groups were given commercial diuretics, furosemide and hydrochlorthiazide at 10 mg/kg. Urine volume, urine pH, urine density and urine electrolytes were determined every hour for 4 hours. Blood was taken to determine the serum level of glucose, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Both, C. papaya and A. comosus extracts exhibited moderate to potent diuretic activity. C. papaya extract increased the 4-hour urine volume when administered at both 5 and 10 mg/kg. A. comosus extracts increased urine volume only at 10 mg/kg dose. Na+ and Cl- elimination was unchanged for the whole period of study. However, the 4-hour urinary excretions of K+ were significantly increased for both plant extracts. Both plant extracts induced increment of serum BUN and creatinine level significantly when compared to controls (p<0.05) but these levels were still within the normal range. Blood glucose level and albumin were not significantly for both plant extract. In conclusion, both plants investigated had diuretic activity and roots of C. papaya activity were statistically similar potency to the activity of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. However, care must be taken when using these herbs as increased urinary K+ being excreted and marginal increase of serum BUN and creatinine were detected

Ethical issues on using invertebrates in environmental and biomedical practices – a case study on living fossil horseshoe crab

Increasing utilization of living animals in ecological and biomedical research has drawn serious concerns in terms of animal welfare and ethical practices in animal handling. Significant attention has been given to animals of higher taxonomical hierarchy especially vertebrates such as fishes, rodents, reptiles and mammals, while ethical framework on invertebrate handling and welfare is less addressed (except for cephalopods). The definition of ‘Animal’ itself by any international consortia or Animal Research Act (ARA) does not include invertebrates as an animal entity. This is due to the lack of standard ethical framework to understand the pain and other physiological stress experienced by the invertebrate test animal. One such example would be the living fossil ‘horseshoe crab’ which is extensively bled to obtain its blue blood that is used for endotoxin quantification in biological samples. The biomedical bleeding itself leads to 15-30% post bleeding mortality of crabs, while pain and stress caused by the bleeding practice is not studied. Hence, this paper discusses the technicality of establishing standard framework for invertebrate handling. The paper also highlights the shari’ah (Islamic law) principles on scientific experimentations on animal subjects, particularly the norms related to the adoption of invertebrates in environmental and biomedical practice. Comprehensive review of ethical regulations in animal experiments, especially invertebrates, would be beneficial for revising and improving existing animal ethical practice

Amplitude and frequency changes in surface EMG of biceps femoris during five days Bruce Protocol treadmill test

Electromyography (EMG) is one of the indirect tools in indexing fatigue. Fatigue can be detected when there are changes on amplitude and frequency. However, various outcomes from literature make researchers conclude that EMG is not a reliable tool to measure fatigue. This paper investigates EMG behavior of biceps femoris in median frequency and mean absolute value during five days of Bruce Protocol treadmill test. Before that, surface EMG signals are filtered using band pass filter cut-off at 20-500Hz and are de-noised using db45 1-decimated wavelet transform. Five participants achieved more than 85% of their maximal heart rate during the running activity. The authors also consider other markers of fatigue such as performance, muscle soreness and lethargy as indicators to adaptation and maladaptation conditions. Result shows that turning points of median frequency and mean absolute value are very significant in indexing fatigue and indicators to adaptation of resistive training