Methodology of Cost-Benefit Analysis of Impact Assessment on the Environment

Standardna analiza troškova i koristi podrazumeva kvantitativno vrednovanje opravdanosti i isplativosti projekta. Odluka o izvođenju projekta donosi se na osnovu analize, čija izrada je diskreciono pravo ulagača. Investicioni projekat nužno utiče na životnu sredinu u kojem se ostvaruje. Cost-benefit analiza pokazuje da li projekat ima uravnotežen pristup zaštiti životne sredine u skladu sa održivim razvojem, iz pozicije poslovnog interesa. Održivi razvoj dopušta proizvodna ulaganja koja ostvaruju profit, ali iz kog se mora izdvajati i doprinos za životnu sredinu. Ovakav pristup nema alternativu. Zakonom je propisana obaveza ulagača da analizom troškova i koristi dokaže da planirani projekt neće štetiti životnoj sredini.Standard cost-benefit analysis involves quantitative feasibility evaluation and project cost-effectiveness. Investment decision should be analysis based, it is investors discretion. Investment project necessarily has environment impact where it is realized. Cost-benefit analysis shows that project have a balanced approach to environmental protection in respect with sustainable development, from the business interests position. Sustainable development allows investments with profits, but requires a contribution to the environment. This approach has no alternative. Investors legislative obligations is cost-benefit analysis which proves that planned project will not harm the environmen

DIZAJNIRANJE EKOLOŠKO-EKONOMSKIH INSTRUMENATA ZAŠTITE ŽIVOTNE SREDINE

Politika životne sredine sprovodi mere za poboljšanje stanja iredukciju zagađenja životne sredine, uz istovremenu primenu instrumenataekonomskog razvoja. Fundamentalni razlog za uvođenje ekonomskih instrumenata upolitiku životne sredine jeste supstitucija ekološke štete nastale usled degradaciježivotne sredine i prekomerne eksploatacije resursa. Pravni osnov za uspostavljanjefinansijskih mehanizama i ekonomskih, tržišnih instrumenata, jesu opšteprihvaćeniprincipi ekološkog prava implementirani u praksi kroz zakonske i podzakonske akte.Princip „zagađivač plaća“ predstavlja osnov za definisanje finansijskih mehanizama.Ovaj princip u literaturi često se tretira kao model „recikliranja novčanih sredstava“.Agregacija prikupljenih sredstava i njihovo namensko korišćenje ključni su faktoriekološke politike, čime se omogućava kreiranje „zelenog budžeta“ za finansiranjeprojekata i programa koji imaju za cilj zaštitu, očuvanje i unapređenje životne sredine

METHODOLOGY FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER MANAGAMENT

Economic analysis is the key requirement of EU Water Framework Directive. On a level of river basin area, economic analysis includes three dimensions: 1. economic characterization of water use: current and future projected economic importance of capacities and potentials of water resources; 2. program of measures for achieving good water status: cost-benefit analyses, cost efficiency analyses, cost scale and influence: and 3. water services price policies: evaluation of institutional alternatives for recovery of water services costs, including analysis of cost distribution. The analysis includes leveling of current and projected water resources data with costs and benefits of water services on the level of river basin area within local communities and integrated on sub-region level

Energy Recovery From Hazardous Waste In Republic of Serbia – A Review

This paper presents energy recovery data by hazardous waste treatment in the Republic of Serbia (RS). Such waste treatment meets modern requirements of environmental protection, by reducing waste and increasing energy use from alternative sources. From a total of 210.000 tons of hazardous waste generated in the RS, only 4.300 tons is utilized as an energy source. Quantity and contribution data of hazardous waste fractions for energy recovery by its treatment in the RS in 2014, shows that only two categories of hazardous waste („waste containing oil“ and „oil from oil/water separator“) are treated in a satisfying manner, though in insufficient quantities

External Costs on the Environment and Exergo-Economics Methods

The exergy approach is used in observation of energy transformation processes, it allows estimation of these processes effect on the environment and contributes to the efficiency increasing and evaluation of the environmental externalities. The externalities represent costs or benefits that affect the third party not participating in the particular process. Negative externalities called "external costs" are dangerous for the environment and very difficult to determine. Exergy methods can clarify the economic implications as well as the negative externalities

Generisanje i upravljanje medicinskim otpadom u Srbiji – pregled

U radu su predstavljeni podaci o generisanju, količinama i upravljanju medicinskim otpadom (MO) u Srbiji. Predstavljeni su načini procene i ukupne godišnje količine generisanja MO po kategorijama. Zaključeno je da se najviše proizvede farmaceutskog (64%) i infektivnog (32%) MO. Prema dobijenim podacima, upravljanje MO u Srbiji je trenutno na niskom nivou, osim kada je u pitanju infektivni otpad. U radu su predložene jednostavnije metode tretmana u postojećim autoklavima i kompleksnije metode (insineracija i plazmena piroliza), kao kratkoročna i dugoročna rešenja. Predviđena rastuća količina MO zahteva povećanje postojećih kapaciteta prerade i primenu novih rešenja. Kapacitet instaliranih autoklava može da bude uvećan povećanjem njihovog radnog vremena, kako bi se izbegla dodatna ulaganja. Međutim, tretman u autoklavima je pogodan samo za infektivni otpad. Za drugi MO, čije glavne frakcije čine farmaceutski i hemijski otpad ne postoji infrastruktura. Kao privremeno rešenje, farmaceutski otpad se tretira u inostranstvu što na duži vremenski period nije finansijski prihvatljivo. Kako trenutno osnovu tretmana MO u Srbiji čini samo mreža zdravstvenih ustanova opremljenih autoklavima, kao centralnih (CMT) i lokalnih (LMT) mesta tretmana za tretman infektivnog otpada, preporuka je da se ovoj mreži pridruže i dodatni kapaciteti za tretman neinfektivnog otpada, uz istovremenu optimizaciju nivoa organizacije upravljanja celokupnim MO

Effects of combined Fe-Al electrodes and groundwater temperature on arsenic removal by electrocoagulation

The removal of arsenic from groundwater by continuous electrocoagulation (EC) using combined Fe-Al electrodes at its natural temperature (16.1±0.2 °C) was comprehensively evaluated. The results obtained indicated that all studied Fe-Al electrode combinations were able to reduce As concentration below 10 μg/dm3. Nevertheless, the Fe-Fe-Al-Fe electrode combination was the most suitable due to its highest arsenic removal capacity (0.354 μg As/C) for the lowest charge loading 68.4 C/dm3. The consumption of Fe was 0.0339 kg Fe/m3 and of Al electrodes 0.0145 kg Al/m3. The operating cost was estimated at 0.182 €/m3. The increase of the groundwater temperature by 8 °C from its natural temperature influenced increase of the Fe and Al electrodes dissolution rate by 30% and 17%, respectively and that of As removal efficiency by 16%. The residual Fe and Al concentrations in 500 dm3 of treated groundwater were below WHO guideline values for drinking water. Long-term field operation of the pilot-scale continuous EC reactor is required to validate effectiveness, reliability and robustness of the EC technique for arsenic removal from groundwater confirmed in laboratory conditions

Redesigning current instruments as a precondition for a more effective environmental protection

The problems of environment and evaluation of natural capital belong to the phenomenology of externalities, and the requirements of environmental economics are ever more oriented towards the elaboration of the ecological–economic category of the externalization of internal expenses, wherefrom reasons for the introduction of ecological–economic instruments, before all payments for pollutions, ensue. Demystification of the negative conviction relating ecological payments as taxes is very important, since it must be shown that ecological payments correct, mitigate or remove externalities. Environmental protection is a complex system and it consists in a set of rules, measures and instruments that are applied for the surveillance of pollution sources, and shaping of instruments for environmental protection is a complex process intended for the accomplishment of established ecological goals. Among all instruments available for bridging the gap of internalization and exerting a significant effect on polluters to diminish their emissions of pollution, the ecological and economic ones are most important. The results of our investigation have demonstrated that it is necessary to reshape the current set of instruments regarding protection of vital functions of nature and an efficient environmental protection, and one of the key cognitions is that the scientific and professional public must not be excluded from the appraisals of creating and redesigning the instruments of environmental protection. These assertions have their foundation in the premise that the significance of elements of the social dimension in sustainable development is to a great extent determined by the level of environmental degradation and reduction in capacity of renewable sources. The paper, approach and data processing of the conducted research offer a new model and new elements of methodology for establishing the state and quality of the environment, whereby social-economic criteria of research (a socio–economic laboratory) are introduced into the fundamental analysis of the condition of crucial media of the environment, but also into shaping a more efficacious instrument set of protection. In such a way, a substantial contribution is given to the affirmation of a holistic and inter-disciplinary approach in the investigation and understanding the phenomenon of contemporary environmental reality, especially the central media of the environment (water, air, soil)

Comparison of air pollution in the working environment during in site treatment of infectious medical waste by convertor and autoclave sterilization

The aim of the present study is the comparison of ambient pollution in working environment during infectious medical waste treatment in two relevant health care institutions in the Republic of Serbia - The Blood Transfusion Institute of Serbia and The Clinical Centre of Serbia by different sterilization methods (sterilizer-convertor and autoclave, respectively). Monitoring and analysis of the following chemical compounds were performed in both institutions: water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, methane, ethane, propane, hexane, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, m-xylene, phenol, acrolein, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethylamine, ethylene oxide, methanol, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl sulphide, ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, freon 11 (trichlorofluoromethane), carbonyl sulphide and hydrogen chloride. The determination of vapor-phase concentrations was done by extractive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Monitoring of ambient pollution during infectious medical waste sterilization has shown that mercaptans, acrolein, formaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, and ethylene oxide are emitted in both health institutions, in concentrations which are not permitted by regulations, while increased concentrations of hydrogen chloride and phenol were found in the Clinical Centre of Serbia. A comparison of ambient pollution with two different sterilization methods has shown that higher concentrations of pollutants are emitted at higher temperatures. Considering the fact that mentioned compounds exhibit high toxicity, hence represent the risk to air quality in working and living environment, i.e. represents a risk to human health it is necessary to revise and improve the existing treatment methods. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved

Generation and management of medical waste in Serbia: A review

This study presents generation, quantities and medical waste (MW) management in Serbia. It represents assessment methods and total annual MW generation by categories. It was concluded that pharmaceutical (64%) and infectious (32%) MW production is the largest. According to available data, MW management in Serbia is currently at low level, except when it comes to infectious waste. Research proposed simpler treatment methods in existing autoclaves and complex methods (incineration and plasma-pyrolysis), as well as short-term and long-term solutions. Predicted MW growing amount requires existing capacity increase for processing and new solutions application. Installed autoclaves capacity could be increased by increasing working time, in order to avoid additional investment. However, treatment in autoclave is only suitable for infectious MW. For other medical waste, which main fractions are pharmaceutical and chemical waste, there is no infrastructure. As temporary solution, pharmaceutical waste is treated abroad which in longer period is not financially feasible. Considering that MW treatment in Serbia currently is based on health facilities network equipped with autoclaves, as central (CTF) and local (LTF) treatments facilities for infectious waste treatment, it is recommended additional capacity implementation for treatment of non-infectious waste to this network, with simultaneous management level optimization of whole MW