A Bi-Hamiltonian Structure for the Integrable, Discrete Non-Linear Schrodinger System

This paper shows that the Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy of equations (a well-known integrable discretization of the Non-linear Schrodinger system) can be explicitly viewed as a hierarchy of commuting flows which: (a) are Hamiltonian with respect to both a standard, local Poisson operator J and a new non-local, skew, almost Poisson operator K, on the appropriate space; (b) can be recursively generated from a recursion operator R (obtained by composing K and the inverse of J.) In addition, the proof of these facts relies upon two new pivotal resolvent identities which suggest a general method for uncovering bi-Hamiltonian structures for other families of discrete, integrable equations.Comment: 33 page

Genomic and toxigenic heterogeneity of bacillus cereus sensu lato Isolated from ready-to-eat foods and powdered milk in day care centers in Colombia

Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) is a group of bacteria commonly found in diverse environments, including foods, with potential to cause emesis and diarrhea. In Colombia, it is one of the main foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the genomic and toxigenic heterogeneity of B. cereus s.l. isolated from ready-to-eat foods and powdered milk collected in day care centers of Medellin, Colombia. Of 112 B. cereus s.l. isolates obtained, 94% were beta-hemolytic. Toxigenic heterogeneity was established by the presence of nheABC, hblCDAB, cytK2, entFM, and cesB toxigenic genes. The nheABC operon and entFM gene were most frequently detected in the isolates, whereas the cesB gene was not found. According to the toxin genes content, nine toxigenic profiles were identified. A 44% of isolates had profiles with all genes for nonhemolytic enterotoxin, hemolysin BL, and enterotoxin FM production (profiles II and IV). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis indicated a high genomic heterogeneity among the B. cereus s.l., with 68 isolates grouping into 16 clusters and 33 placed separately in the dendrogram. This study provides useful information on the safety of ready-to-eat foods and powdered milk in day care centers where children, a susceptible population, are exposed and it should incentive for more studies to understand the distribution of different toxin-encoding genes among B. cereus s.l. isolates, enabling detailed risk assessment

Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Evolution in the Tully-Fisher relation since z∼1z\sim1

(Abridged version) We explore whether a scenario that combines an origin by mergers at $z\sim$1.8-1.5 with a subsequent passive evolution of the resulting S0 remnants since $z \sim$0.8-1 is compatible with observational data of S0s in the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). We studied a set of major and minor merger experiments from the GalMer database that generate massive S0 remnants. We analysed the location of these remnants in the photometric and stellar TFRs assuming that they correspond to $z\sim0.8$ galaxies. We then estimated their evolution in these planes over the last 7 Gyr. The results were compared with data of real S0s and spirals at different redshifts. We also tested how the use of Vcirc or Vrot,max affects the results. We found that just after $\sim$1-2 Gyr of coalescence, major mergers generate S0 remnants that are outliers of the local photometric and stellar TFRs at $z\sim0.8$. After $\sim$4-7 Gyr of passive evolution in isolation, the S0 remnants move towards the local TFR, although the initial scatter among them persists. This scatter is sensitive to the indicator used for the rotation velocity: Vcirc values yield a lower scatter than when Vrot,max values are considered instead. In the planes involving Vrot,max, a clear segregation of the S0 remnants in terms of the spin-orbit coupling of the model is observed, in which the remnants of retrograde encounters overlap with local S0s hosting counter-rotating discs. The location of the S0 remnants at $z\sim 0$ agrees well with the observed distribution of local S0 galaxies in the $\sigma_0$-$M_K$, Vcirc-$\sigma_0$ and Vrot,max-$\sigma_0$ planes. Thus, massive S0 galaxies may have been formed through major mergers that occurred at high redshift and have later evolved towards the local TFR through passive evolution in relative isolation, a mechanism that would also contribute to the scatter observed in this relation.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in A&

Matter X waves

We predict that an ultra-cold Bose gas in an optical lattice can give rise to a new form of condensation, namely matter X waves. These are non-spreading 3D wave-packets which reflect the symmetry of the Laplacian with a negative effective mass along the lattice direction, and are allowed to exist in the absence of any trapping potential even in the limit of non-interacting atoms. This result has also strong implications for optical propagation in periodic structuresComment: 5 pages, 2 figure

An optoelectronic circuit with a light source, an optical waveguide and a sensor all on silicon: Results and analysis of a novel system

AbstractA full analysis of an optoelectronic circuit on silicon composed by a light emitter, an optical waveguide and a photodetector is achieved. The light emitter is based on silicon rich oxide multilayers. The multilayer structure exhibits an electroluminescence spectra from 400nm to 800nm. Light emitter and optical waveguide are located next to each other in a novel topology that allows the direct impact of the photons to the depletion layer of the sensor, increasing the efficiency. An optical rib-type waveguide and multi-modal, using Si3N4 and SiO2 as core and cladding materials, is considered to propagate the light from the light emitter to the sensor. Analysis of the waveguide reveals that the optimal height is 1.25µm, when a width of 5µm and a fractional height of 0.8 are used. A relative transmittance of the optical waveguide shows that the propagated light maintains the wide spectrum. A planar diode is used as photodetector. The proposal-integrated structure shows that light impinges directly on the depleted zone, improving detection and performance of the diode. Finally, a description of the novel optoelectronic circuit is addressed

Analysis of experimental hydrogen engine data and hydrogen vehicle performance and emissions simulation

This paper reports the engine and vehicle simulation and analysis done at Lawrence Livermore (LLNL) as a part of a joint optimized hydrogen engine development effort. Project participants are: Sandia National Laboratory, California (SNLC), responsible for experimental evaluation; Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), responsible for detailed fluid mechanics engine evaluations, and the University of Miami, responsible for engine friction reduction. Fuel cells are considered as the ideal power source for future vehicles, due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, extensive use of fuel cells in light-duty vehicles is likely to be years away, due to their high manufacturing cost. Hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignited, homogeneous-charge engines offer a near-term alternative to fuel cells. Hydrogen in a spark-ignited engine can be burned at very low equivalence ratios, so that NO{sub x} emissions can be reduced to less than 10 ppm without catalyst. HC and CO emissions may result from oxidation of engine oil, but by proper design are negligible (a few ppm). Lean operation also results in increased indicated efficiency due to the thermodynamic properties of the gaseous mixture contained in the cylinder. The high effective octane number of hydrogen allows the use of a high compression ratio, further increasing engine efficiency