Gebze (Kocaeli / Türkiye) Bölgesinde Maruz Kalınan Gama Doz Değerleri ve Kanser Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi

By this study, it is focused to assessment of inhalation quality for Kocaeli province especially Northeast side of Marmara Sea (Gebze county and its territory). In this case, radioactivity analysis in air was realized via air dose rate measurements around this region which is so closed neighbor to big city Istanbul. By measuring of the outdoor gamma dose rates on 35 stations, it was possible to get the average dose rate. Then it was calculated to annual dose in air. Besides, cancer risk was determined for Kocaeli. All these values were compared with the World’s references (UNSCEAR) and reported finally. It was measured the average dose rate as 23.90 $nGyhr^{-1}$ and annual dose was calculated to 29.31 ?Sv. This dose is required to excess lifetime cancer risk as 1.02x$10^{?4}$ . These values could be compared to the similar studies which existed around the world. Finally, the average annual effective dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk for Kocaeli, are less than the world average. This study would be used to a reference for further investigations, besides it will be usefull to compare with different studies for Kocaeli which, will be evaluated in the future, for example after a nuclear pollution, such as based on a reactor leakage comes from Black Sea region and neighbours, nuclear attacks, etc., too. Another benefit would be made to enlarge to find this kind of studies in literature.Bu çalışmada Kocaeli ili, özellikle Marmara Denizi’nin kuzeydoğu tarafı (Gebze ili ve çevresi) gama doz değerleri ile kanser risk değerleri araştırılmıştır. Açık havadaki radyoaktivite analizleri, İstanbul’a yakın olan bu bölge için gama doz hızı ölçümleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında 35 bölgede dış ortam gama doz oranları ölçülerek ortalama doz oranı elde etmek mümkün olmuştur. Daha sonra yıllık gama doz değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bu değerler kullanılarak kanser risk değerleri elde edilmiştir. Tüm bu değerler Dünya Referans değerleri (UNSCEAR) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda ortalama gama doz hızı 23.90 $nGyhr^{-1}$ , yıllık doz hızı ise 29.31 ?Sv. Yaşam boyu kanser risk değeri 1.02x$10^{?4}$ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler, dünya çapında var olan benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırılabilir. Sonuç olarak, Kocaeli için ortalama yıllık etkin doz değeri ve yaşam boyu kanser riski değeri dünya ortalamasının altındadır. Bu çalışma, ileride yapılacak araştırmalar için referans olarak kullanılacağı gibi, ileride Kocaeli için farklı çalışmalarla karşılaştırılmasında faydalı olacaktır, örneğin bir nükleer kirlilikten sonra örneğin Karadeniz’den gelen reaktör sızıntısı gibi

Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Bituminaria sp. genotypes at different growth stages

Plants have secondary metabolites that play a role in defense mechanism are known to have effects on microorganisms. These metabolites and their amounts vary depending upon various factors. Here, we studied the antimicrobial effect of secondary metabolites of Bituminaria sp. genotypes and explored whether this effect changes with different growing stages of the plant. The results show that extracts obtained from 12 B. bituminosa genotypes were not significantly effective on Gram-negative bacteria but highly effective on Gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotic yeast. Of these genotypes, 9 and 12 genotype were more effective than the rest. Observations suggest that the extracts from the plants are more effective during the beginning of flowering stage than the growth and budding stages for the bacteria studied. It could be due to the differences in the nature of the metabolites and their quantity

Direct Health Expenditure Analysis Related to Hearing Loss in Individuals Using Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants

Objective:This study aimed to investigate the expenditures related to hearing devices and compare the differences in expenditures in child and adult users.Methods:A preliminary questionnaire was developed and conducted amongst hearing aid and cochlear implant users. A total of 178 patients (57.3% were hearing aid users, 42.7% were cochlear implant users) were included in the study and grouped as adults (first group, 50 patients), and children 1< (second group, 123 patients).Results:The results of the study showed that individuals used approximately 4.5% of their annual income as health expenditure related to hearing loss. This rate was over 5% for child users, and about 2.7% for adult users. Moreover, the expenditure made by adult users was below the amount of expenditure made for children in all health expenditure indicators.Conclusion:Supporting the family budget for hearing loss expenditures not covered by the public health insurance will minimize the financial problems caused by the disability

Forage yield and lodging traits in peas (Pisum sativum L.) with different leaf types

Two semi-leafless and four leafed pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated for plant height, lodging scores, and forage yield in eight diverse locations with typical Mediterranean or Mediterranean-type climate in the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. The genotypes used in this study were forage type with indeterminate growing habit. Significant differences among pea genotypes were found for all traits over years and locations. All interactions which related to G x E interaction showed significance (P>0.01) for all traits. The forage yield of the pea genotypes averaged 26605 kg ha(-1) and the highest yield was obtained from the leafed genotype Urunlu. Its forage yield reached to 35970 kg ha(-1) yield level at Samsun location

Genotype x nvironment interaction and stability analysis for dry matter and seed yield in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate dry matter (DM) yield and seed yield of six leafed and semi-leafless pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, and to compare them for these traits. Evaluation of genotype x environment (G x E) interaction, stability and cluster analysis were also carried out at eight diverse locations with typical Mediterranean and Mediterranean-type climate during the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. Significant differences were found among the pea genotypes for DM and seed yield on individual years and combined over years, and in all locations. All interactions which related to G x E interaction showed significance (P>0.001) for DM and seed yield. The highest yield (4789 kg ha(-1)) was obtained from the leafed genotype 'Urunlu'. However, stability analysis indicated that for DM yield, the leafed genotypes 'Golyazi' and 'Urunlu' should be grown in low yielding and high yielding environments, respectively. Cluster analysis, based on grouping locations, showed that P101 was the preferred variety in low yielding environments, and P98, in high yielding ones. It was suggested that the use of both stability and cluster analyses might give better results. Comparison of cluster and stability analyses showed that the stability analysis fails to recommend cultivars to different regions where yield potential showed significant differences. It seems, however, that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool to examine G x E interaction. If the number of environments was sufficient, a separate stability analysis could be run in each cluster

Consequences of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity and structure of Salix alba L. populations in two major river systems of Turkey

WOS: 000472953000002Salix alba L. (white willow) is an indicator species of a healthy riparian ecosystem with great renewable energy potential in Turkey though habitats of the species in many river ecosystems are highly degraded or fragmented. Impacts of this degradation of river ecosystems on the magnitude and pattern of genetic diversity are not known. This study was aimed at assessing the genetic structure of S. alba populations in two highly degraded and fragmented river systems (the Goksu and Kzlrmak rivers) in Turkey with the use of 20 nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Fifteen of them were used for the first time in this study. Out of the 20 SSR loci, 10 loci significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies and five of them contributed greatly to the differentiation of populations. Generally, high levels of genetic diversity were found in populations of both Goksu and Kzlrmak river systems and moderate genetic differentiation (F-ST=0.07) between the river systems. On the contrary to expectations, genetic diversity was higher in middle populations of the rivers (Ho=0.67 of GRMID(Goksu river middle population), Ho=0.68 in KRMID1(Kzlrmak river middle population 1), and 0.65 in KRMID2 (Kzlrmak river middle population 2)) than in downstream populations (Ho=0.65 in GRDOWN(Goksu river downstream population), Ho=0.62 in KRDOWN1, 2 (Kzlrmak downstream populations 1, 2)). These could be due to experienced past bottlenecks, extensive vegetative material movements, and habitat fragmentation by constructed dams in the natural ecosystems of the two river systems. The genetic structure results revealed that the white willow populations in the two different river systems may have evolved from two different founder populations. A low level of genetic admixture between the river systems but high admixture within the river systems were observed due to extensive human-mediated vegetative material movements. The current study has provided valuable genetic data and information that could contribute insights to efficient conservation, management, utilization, and breeding of genetic resources of the species.Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG 213O154]This study has been funded by the Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project #: TOVAG 213O154)

A RESEARCH ON DETERMINING THE PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED REPORTS

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, muhasebe melek mensuplarının entegre rapor hazırlama sürecinde yeterlimesleki yetkinliklere sahip olup olmadığının ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda önce entegrerapor ve entegre raporlama konusuna ilişkin bilgiler verilmiş ve literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Sonrasında,çalışmanın araştırma bölümü ile ilgili yapılan anket sonuçları kullanarak Niğde ve Aksaray illerinde mes-leklerini icra eden Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Müşavirlerin entegre rapor ve entegre raporlama konusundakigörüşlerine ilişkin analiz sonuçlarına yer verilmiştir. Elde edilen analiz ve bulguların sonucunda, SerbestMuhasebeci Mali Müşavirlerin entegre rapor hazırlamanın önemine ve hazırlanması gerektiğine inan-dıkları, bu konuda gerekli özveriyi gösterecekleri, fakat konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları yeterince takipedemedikleri, entegre rapor hazırlama ve sunum aşamalarında bilgi teknolojilerini kullanabilme gibi bazıkonularda sorunlar yaşayabilecekleri tespit edilmiştir.The purpose of this study is to determine whether professional accountants have sufficient professionalcompetence in integrated report preparation process. With this aim, information about integrated reportsand reporting process was given and a literature review was conducted. Next, opinions of Chamber of Pub-lic Accountants of Niğde and Aksaray were examined by using survey method. The findings suggest thatprofessional accountants believe in the importance of preparing integrated reports. Although they expresstheir willingness to take care of the issue, they fail to adequately follow the work done on the subject andto use information technology in the preparation and presentation of integrated reports