Age de l’exposition initiale et niveau terminal chez des locuteurs quasi-natifs du suédois L2

Cette étude analyse les performances de groupes de locuteurs du suédois langue seconde (L2) que l’on prend pour des autochtones dans la communication quotidienne. Ces sujets avaient débuté leur acquisition du suédois dans l’une des tranches d’âge suivantes : 4-5 ans ; 8-10 ans ; 12-15 ans ; 19-23 ans. Chaque groupe d’âge, défini selon l’Age de l’Exposition Initiale (AEI), comportait 5 sujets. On a comparé les performances de chaque groupe avec celles de locuteurs autochtones du suédois (n = 5) et avec celles d’un groupe de locuteurs non-natifs (n = 5), de niveau très avancé, mais qui ne passent pas pour des autochtones dans la communication quotidienne. Tous ces groupes ont passé trois tests différents : test à trous, jugements de grammaticalité, répétition de phrases produites dans des conditions de bruit. Les résultats montrent des différences quantitatives significatives entre autochtones et locuteurs de L2, quel que soit le groupe AEI auquel ils appartiennent. En revanche, l’écart était petit entre les résultats obtenus par les différents groupes AEI, qui ne montraient le plus souvent pas de différences significatives. La variabilité intra-groupe était restreinte chez les locuteurs autochtones, tandis qu’elle était importante à l’intérieur de chaque groupe de locuteurs non-natifs. Ces résultats vont à l’encontre de l’hypothèse selon laquelle il existe une période « critique » pour l’acquisition des langues.Subjects for the present study were selected on the criterion that their second language, Swedish, sounded native-like in everyday oral communication. They had started their acquisition at one of four age ranges : 4-5 ; 8-10 ; 12-15 ; 19-23. Each age of onset (AO) group comprised 5 subjects. Two comparison groups were included, namely native speakers of Swedish (n = 5) and highly advanced but clearly non-native speakers of Swedish (n = 5). Results from three kinds of data (a cloze test, grammaticality judgments, and repetition in white noise) are presented here. They show significant differences between first and second language speakers, irrespective of AO group. Differences between the different AO groups, on the other hand, were small and in most cases not significant. While within-group variation was salient among the five groups of second language speakers on all tasks, it was minimal in the native speakers comparison group

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Efterord

Godkänd; 2006; 20070919 (biem)</p

Adult literacy and basic skills in Sweden : an overview of policy issues and research needs

Upprättat; 1990; 20071120 (andbra

European approaches to sustainable work: introductory remarks

Introductory comment on background to the issue and the Swedish platform for sustainable work in EU Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe and short presentation of the content and title of articles and contributors

Adult education in Sweden and the United States : Working Life in Sweden No. 38

All young persons in Sweden have to complete 9 years of basic compulsory schooling. More than 95 percent opt for an additional 2 or 3 years of upper secondary school, after which they have free access to further education. The system of adult education is designed to bridge the gaps between generations and to provide opportunities for recurrent, lifelong education. The traditionally strong position of adult education is partly tied to the large number of providers. Formal adult education comprises basic education operated by authorities through government grants and municipal adult education. Popular adult educational activities are studies at folk high schools or under the aegis of adult educational associations. Labor market training takes the form of specially organized vocational training or uses the regular educational system. Personnel education and inservice training are educational activities aimed at employees and organized on the employers' terms and at their expense in companies and national or local authorities. The government has tried to establish the necessary preconditions for adult educational activities, including adult education in all municipalities, educational financing, educational leave, studies as part of the renewal of working life, and adult education as an expression of general welfare policyUpprättat; 1990; 20071130 (andbra