Obstacles to Economic Progress in Ethiopia\u27s Red Sea Coast and Gulf of Aden

Ethiopia is a coastal state whose overall economic progress has been and still is being affected by a number of coastal and related obstacles. This paper will attempt to discuss each and every one of these obstacles and other relevant aspects in order to justify as much as possible Ethiopia\u27s lack of progress in economic development. By no means these are not the only obstacles responsible for affecting the country\u27s entire economic progress. The obstacles that I would like to present here are only those which are more or less directly related to maritime, geographical and geopolitical problems on the coastal area, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, plus Ethiopia\u27s religious difference with the littoral states

Phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles and their derivatization with fluorous tags

Boron tribromide-mediated demethylation of rhenium-oxo and gold meso-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)corrole and meso-tris(3,5-dimethoxyphenylcorrole), M[TpOMePC] and M[T(3,5-OMe)PC] (M = ReO, Au), have yielded the corresponding phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles, M[TpOHPC] and M[T(3,5-OH)PC], in good yields. The latter compounds proved insoluble in dichloromethane and chloroform but soluble in THF. The M[T(3,5-OH)PC] derivatives also proved moderately soluble in 0.05 M aqueous KOH. Unlike oxidation-prone aminophenyl-substituted corroles, the phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles could be readily handled in air without special precautions. The phenolic metallocorroles could be readily alkylated with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecyl iodide (“FtI”) to afford the fluorous-tagged metallocorroles M[TpOFtPC] and M[T(3,5-OFt)PC] in > 90% yields. The simplicity of the synthetic protocols promise a wide range of phenolic and fluorous-tagged porphyrin analogues with potential applications to diverse fields such as sensors, catalysis, and photodynamic therapy, among others

The Economic Implications of Wolaita Proverbs: Functional Analysis

The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze some selected Wolaita proverbs for their implications of Wolaita s economic realm of life The subjects used for the current study were 100 theme-relevant proverbs collected by interviewing systematically selected 24 elders and through conducting participant-based observation being part of social interactions taking place in different villages The descriptive research design was used to conduct this study using the qualitative method of data analysis The result indicated that Wolaita proverbs embody Wolaita s economic realm of life such as scarcity of resources and how Wolaitas manage it unwise and wise use of resources sources of wealth and economic inequality among people Based on these findings therefore deep and series studies that promote the frequent use of Wolaita proverbs reflecting Wolaita s economic realm of life in all adequate contexts of interaction awareness enhancement training for young generations of Wolaita for effective use of those proverbs in the proper interactional situations making proverbs as part of language curriculum in all levels of education and maintenance of Wolaita proverbs as vehicles of transferring indigenous wisdom to the next generation are recommended to be implemented by the all concerned bodies across the natio

Iridium(VII)-Corrole Terminal Carbides Should Exist as Stable Compounds

Scalar-relativistic DFT calculations with multiple exchangecorrelation functionals and large basis sets foreshadow the existence of stable iridium(VII)−corrole terminal carbide derivatives. For the parent compound Ir[Cor](C), OLYP/STO-TZ2P calculations predict a short Ir− C bond distance of 1.69 Å, a moderately domed macrocycle with no indications of ligand noninnocence, a surprisingly low electron affinity of ∼1.1 eV, and a substantial singlet−triplet gap of ∼1.8 eV. These results, and their essential invariance with respect to the choice of the exchangecorrelation functional, lead us to posit that Ir(VII)−corrole terminal carbide complexes should be isolable and indefinitely stable under ambient conditions

Guidelines for gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies among reproductive age women in Ethiopia

Background AIDS remains one of the world’s most serious health challenges affecting more females than men. The differences in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among gender groups stem from biology, sexual behaviour and socially constructed gender differences between women and men in roles and responsibilities, access to resources and decision-making power. It could also be due to the females’ status in society which could be justified by lower economic and decision making ability. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of gender in the spread of HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia; with the view of developing gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies. Methods The study used sequential mixed method with quantitative and qualitative paradigm. During first phase of the study, health facility based descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected from 422 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Forty participants were recruited by purposive sampling from representatives working in reproductive health or related fields. Results About 83.2% of respondents reported that sexual intercourse discussion should be initiated by male partners. This showed that majority of respondents were dependent on their male partners in decision-making regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Multiple sexual partners were common among the respondents. One third of the respondents reported to have had intercourse with more than one partner during the past twelve months of the study period. Higher proportion of respondents (61.4%, n=259) had never used condom during sexual intercourse with their partner/s. As a result these risky sexual practices are a potential threat for spread of HIV and AIDS among women. Thus developed guidelines would alleviate the existing problems through implementation of strategies of HIV and AIDS prevention to enhance women’s status at household and different administrative structure level. Conclusion Gender disparities in relation to negotiating sexual relations among the study respondents were found to be still relevant. The culture that has placed men at the helm of leadership in sexual matters is strongly upheld and that includes who recommends use of preventive measures and who regulates when and how to enter into a sexual relationship. Guidelines for gender sensitive prevention strategies if applied appropriately would educate women and men to make decision about what directly affects their healthHealth StudiesD. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies

Knowledge and attitude towards voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services among adolescent high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilization of the VHCT services among adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services among adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires among 378 adolescent high school students. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIV positive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents.Health StudiesM.A. (Public Health

Comparing Isoelectronic, Quadruple-Bonded Metalloporphyrin and Metallocorrole Dimers: Scalar-Relativistic DFT Calculations Predict a > 1-eV Range for Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity

A scalar-relativistic DFT study of isoelectronic, quadruple-bonded Group 6 metalloporphyrins (M = Mo, W) and Group 7 metallocorroles (M = Tc, Re) has uncovered dramatic differences in ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) among the compounds. Thus, both the IPs and EAs of the corrole derivatives are 1 eV or more higher than those of the porphyrin derivatives. These differences largely reflect the much lower orbital energies of the δ- and δ*-orbitals of the corrole dimers relative to those of the porphyrin dimers, which in turn reflect the higher (+III as opposed to +II) oxidation states of the metals in the former compounds. Significant differences have also been determined between Mo and W porphyrin dimers and between Tc and Re corrole dimers. These differences are thought to largely reflect greater relativistic destabilization of the 5d orbitals of W and Re relative to the 4d orbitals of Mo and Tc. The calculated differences in IP and EA should translate to major differences in electrochemical redox potentials-a prediction that in our opinion is well worth confirming

Rhenium Biscorrole Sandwich Compounds: XAS Evidence for a New Coordination Motif

The interaction of three free-base meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles H3[TpXPC] (X = H, CH3, OCH3) with Re2(CO)10 at 235 °C in the presence of K2CO3 in o-dichlorobenzene has led to putative rhenium biscorrole sandwich compounds with the formula ReH[TpXPC]2. Density functional theory calculations and Re L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements suggest a seven-coordinate metal center, with the “extra” hydrogen located on one of the corrole nitrogens. The complexes can be deprotonated by a base such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, resulting in a substantial sharpening of the UV–vis spectra and split Soret bands, consistent with the generation of C2-symmetric anions. Both the seven-coordinate neutral and eight-coordinate anionic forms of the complexes represent a new coordination motif in the field of rhenium–porphyrinoid interactions

The Question of the Redox Site in Metal-Metal Multiple-Bonded Metallocorrole Dimers

We have revisited the electrochemistry of metallocorrole dimers with low-temperature cyclic voltammetry and UV–visible–NIR spectroelectrochemistry, with the aim of determining the sites of the redox processes undergone by these compounds. The systems studied include the metal–metal triple-bonded complexes {Ru[TpOMePC]}2 and {Os[TpOMePC]}2 and the metal–metal quadruple-bonded complex {Re[TPC]}2, where TpOMePC and TPC refer to trianionic meso-tris(p-methoxyphenyl)corrole and meso-triphenylcorrole ligands. For all three compounds, the first oxidation potentials are found at 0.52 ± 0.04 V vs SCE in CH2Cl2/0.1 M TBAP and are accompanied by major changes in the optical spectra, especially the appearance of broad, low-energy bands, suggesting macrocycle-centered oxidation in each case. In contrast, the reduction potentials span an 800 mV range, occurring at E1/2 = −0.52 V for {Re[TPC]}2, −0.81 V for {Ru[TpOMePC]}2, and −1.32 V for {Os[TpOMePC]}2, with more modest changes in the optical spectra, implying a significant metal-centered character in the reduction process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations largely (but not entirely) bear out these expectations. The combined experimental and theoretical data indicate that one-electron addition to the Re dimer involves the Re–Re δ* LUMO, while one-electron addition to the Ru dimer largely involves the Ru–Ru π* LUMO. In contrast, the calculations suggest that one-electron reduction of the Os dimer occurs largely on the corrole ligands, a phenomenon attributed to the relativistic destabilization of the Os–Os π* MOs

Detection and identification of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in raw beef at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia

Background: The consumption of multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates along with a raw meat dish is directly relevant to the global public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. All countries around the globe are suffering from food-borne diseases. In developing countries, more than one billion individuals suffering from gastroenteritis and around five million infected individuals die annually. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2015 to May 2016 to show the risk of Salmonella associated with consuming traditional raw meat dishes and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profile at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir. Animals were being processed as part of the normal work of the abattoir, and 448 carcass samples were taken after getting a written consent from the municipality. Samples were transported to Wolaita Sodo University Microbiology Laboratory in an ice box within an hour of collection. Swab samples were pre-enriched in tetrathionate broth and Rappaport-Vassiliadis R10 broth. Broth culture was sub-cultured on xylose lysine deoxycholate and brilliant green agar and incubated at a temperature of 37 \ub0C for overnight. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method. Microbiological and observational data entry and analysis were done using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: From the total 448 sampled carcasses, Salmonella growth was observed in 56 (12.5%) samples. The isolates had various resistance profiles, with resistance to 1 to 12 antimicrobial drugs. Tetracycline- and nitrofurantion-resistant isolates were frequent, 83.93 and 73.21% respectively, and followed by streptomycin-resistant isolates (66%). Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were rare (7%). Conclusion: Salmonella species contamination frequency was high in raw beef, and most of the isolates exhibited resistance to commonly used antibiotics. People living in the town and consuming the raw meat are at risk for developing diseases, and attention should be given to select antimicrobials in treating Salmonella infections in both animals and human being based on antimicrobial susceptibility test. Moreover, intersectoral working and developing one health approach is essential. Health information should be given to individuals who have the habit of eating raw meat. Training on sanitary and hygiene practice should be given to the abattoir workers