Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem

In the restricted problem of three bodies when the primaries are triaxial rigid bodies, the necessary and sufficient conditions to find the locations of the three libration collinear points are stated. In addition, the Linear stability of these points is studied for the case of the Euler angles of rotational motion being θi = 0, ψi + φi = π/2, i = 1, 2 accordingly. We underline that the model studied in this paper has special importance in space dynamics when the third body moves in gravitational fields of planetary systems and particularly in a Jupiter model or a problem including an irregular asteroid

Controlling the Perturbations of Solar Radiation Pressure on the Lorentz Spacecraft

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the viability of using Lorentz Force (LF) acting on a charged spacecraft to neutralize the effects of Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) on the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perigee of the spacecraft’s orbit. In this setting, the Gauss planetary equations for LF and SRP are presented and averaged over the true anomaly. The averaged variations for the longitude of the ascending node (h) and the argument of perigee (g) are invariant under the symmetry (i,g)⟶(−i,−g) due to Lorentz Force. The sum of change rates due to both perturbing forces of LF and SRP is assigned by zero to estimate the charge amount to balance the variation for the argument of perigee and longitude of ascending. Numerical investigations have been developed to show the evolution of the charge quantity for different orbital parameters at both Low Earth and Geosynchronous Orbits