Tibia malunion with angular deformity: Corrective osteotomy and intramedullary fixation with the chipping technique

There are few options for correcting severe malunion of tibial shaft. Acute correction by close wedge osteotomy followed by fixation with plate is a standard treatment for this but associated with shortening and non-union. Gradual correction with circular external fixation is able to correct the deformity without producing shortening. However it is uncomfortable and require tedious nursing and rehabilitative care. Chipping the non-union site was associated with a favorable outcome for femur fracture because it biologically enhances fracture healing. However, there is no report on chipping osteotomy for tibia mal-union. We consider chipping osteotomy as a treatment option for this patient who refuses to have external fixation for his treatment. Patient achieved corrected alignment of tibia and fracture union in 5 months. However he develops problem with wound healing of the wound

Transmission robuste de vidéo basée ondelette à travers un canal MIMO

National audienceCet article présente l'évolution d'un codeur pour images fixes basé ondelette vers le codage vidéo. Ce codeur associe une transformation en ondelette classique, une quantification vectorielle par sous-bande et une modulation de type MAQ-M. L'exploitation conjointe des éléments de la chaîne de transmission assure une qualité de services dans des conditions de transmission difficiles. Les redondances temporelles sont exploitées, dans le cadre du codage vidéo, par un algorithme spécifique d'estimation et de compensation de mouvement adapté à nos contraintes de codage. Nous proposons ainsi une méthode de codage permettant d'atteindre une bonne robustesse des vecteurs mouvement. Ce codeur nommé V-WTSOM présente une hiérarchisation importante des informations. Nous exploitons cette hiérarchisation en transmission à travers un canal MIMO incluant une possibilité de précodage diagonal. La décomposition en sous-canaux SISO parallèles et indépendants permet d'envisager des stratégies d'allocation basées sur le contenu et améliorant globalement la qualité de service

Dissection moléculaire de la fonction activatrice AF-1 du récepteur aux oestrogènes alpha dans la physiopathologie vasculaire et la prolifération utérine

Les œstrogènes influencent de nombreuses maladies comme le cancer de l'endomètre et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Leurs actions majeures sont relayées par le récepteur aux œstrogènes ERa, régulant la transcription de gènes cibles via deux fonctions activatrices AF-1 et AF-2. Grâce à l'utilisation de souris invalidées pour AF-1, mon équipe a rapporté que l'AF-1 n'était pas nécessaire pour l'action vasculoprotectrice du 17ß-œstradiol (E2), principal œstrogène naturel. Durant ma thèse, nous avons démontré que : i) le tamoxifène, modulateur sélectif des ERs,protège de l'athérosclérose via AF-1, contrairement à l'effet de l'E2 mais n'accélère pas la ré-endothélialisation, ii) l'AF-1 du ERa est nécessaire pour la régulation de la transcription et de la prolifération cellulaire dans l'utérus en réponse à l'E2 et au tamoxifène. Ainsi, ce travail contribue à la dissection moléculaire de l'action du Era in vivo, qui pourrait poser les bases d'une optimisation de la modulation du ERa.Estrogens influence most of the physiological processes in mammals, in particular reproduction and vascular system. Thus, it is not surprising that these steroid hormones influence numerous diseases, including breast and endometrium cancers, as well as cardiovascular diseases. These actions are mediated by two nuclear receptors, estrogen receptors ERa and ERß, which regulate target gene transcription through two independent activation functions AF-1 and AF-2. Using ERa deficient mice or electively targeting AF-1, my team has previously demonstrated that ERa is required for the E2 vasculoprotective actions of 17ß-estradiol (E2), the main natural estrogen. In contrast, activation of AF-1 of ERa is dispensable for atheroprotection, increase of NO relaxation and endothelial healing. During my phD, we have shown that: 1) tamoxifen, a selective ER modulator, used more than 30 years for breast cancer treatment in premenopausal women, prevents atherosclerosis but not accelerates endothelial healing. This atheroprotective effect is ERa-dependant and in contrast to E2, needs its AF-1, 2) AF-1of ERa is necessary to the regulation of gene transcription and cell proliferation in the uterus in response to E2 or tamoxifen. However a residual uterine hypertrophy after chronic E2 treatment persists in mice lacking AF-1 of ERa, potentially due to a stromal edema resulting to the persistence of Vegf-a induction. Furthermore uterine epithelial apoptosis and response to progesterone are largely altered in these mice. Thus, my PhD contributes to the molecular dissection of ERa activation in vivo, which could pave the way of an optimized ERa modulation. Indeed, the selective activation of ERa inducing beneficial effects of E2 without stimulating deleterious effects represents a major therapeutic interest

Avaliação da resistência de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) ao seu vírus de poliedrose nuclear, Baculovirus anticarsia

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio MoscardiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências BiológicasInclui referências: p. 68-71Área de concentração: EntomologiaResumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a suscetibilidade natural de Anticarsia gemmatalis ao seu vírus de poliedrose nuclear IVPN), Baculovirus anticarsia, foram coletadas populações do inseto com histórico de exposição e não exposição a aplicações do virus nas regiões de Dourados (MS), Passo Fundo(RS) e Londrina e Rancho Alegre (PR). Na segunda geração, estas foram comparadas por duas gerações mediante bioensaios com o VPN, sendo os dados referentes ao logaritmo da dose e a percentagem de mortalidade submetidos a análise de regressão ( Probites ). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre elas, concluindo-se, portanto, que as referidas populações de A. gemmatalis não apresentam resistência natural ao vírus, apesar de até oito anos de exposição a aplicações do patógeno, dependendo do local. A população de Dourados ( MS ) não exposta ao vírus foi mantida, com o objetivo de submetê-la a uma pressão de seleção por dez gerações, para determinar se esta espécie é potencialmente capacitada a desenvolver resistência ao vírus. Em cada geração foi montado um bioensaio com a finalidade de estabelecer a concentração letal 80 (CL80) a ser utilizada na geração seguinte. Paralelamente, foi realizado um teste visando uma sobrevivência de 20% das larvas. A. gemmatalis demonstrou capacidade para desenvolver resistência quando a população foi mantida isolada em condições de laboratório. A taxa final de resistência (CL50 da população resistente dividido pela CL50 da população suscetível) foi de 109.18 vezes, após 10 gerações. Com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de reversão da resistência, a população resistente foi dividida em duas sub-populações. Uma delas foi deixada livre de pressão de seleção, verificando-se que, após quatro gerações, a resistência manteve-se estável, mas com tendência a diminuir. A outra subpopulação foi cruzada sucessivamente com a população testemunha (suscetível), observando-se perda total da resistência ao vírus após quatro gerações. Concluiu-se que, quando comparados os comportamentos das populações livres de pressão de seleção com o cruzamento de resistentes x testemunha, o aporte do caráter de suscetibilidade da população suscetível contribui de forma importante para a não manifestação de resistência o que poderia explicar a não verificação de resistência em populações naturais de 1 . gemmatalis, mesmo para aquelas expostas há vários anos a aplicações do vírus.Abstract: In order to evaluate the natural susceptibility of Anticarsia gemmatalis to its nuclear poiyhedrosis virus (NPV), Baculovirus anticarsia , populations of the insect, with history of exposition and non exposition to field applications of the NPV, were collected in the regions of Dourados, MS, Londrina and Rancho Alegre, PR, and Passo Fundo, RS. These were submitted to bioassays with the NPV in the second generation, and no significant differences were found among the test populations regarding the susceptibility to the virus. The colony from Dourados (non exposed) was maintained under conlinous laboratory rearing in order to conduct selection pressure experiments to determine the potential capacity of A. gemmataIis to develop resistance to the NPV. After 10 generations the selected colony showed a 109.2 fold increase in resistance to the NPV when compared to the non exposed (control) colony. The possibility of reversion of resistance was also evaluated by spilling the selected colony in two: one of them was left free from the selection pressure, and another was bred successively with the susceptible colony, in the first case, the resistance remained stable after four generations, although with a tendency to decrease. In the second, the resistance was completely lost after four generations showing that the susceptibility character in the control colony strongly contributed for the reversion of resistance in the selected colony. This finding may help to explain the non detection of resistance to the NPV in natural populations of A. gemmatalis, even those exposed for several years to field applications of the pathogen

Parâmetros para produção do vírus de poliedrose nuclear Baculovirus anticarsia, visando o controle de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Orientador: Flávio MoscardiCoorientador: Daniel Sosa-GómezTese(doutorado)-Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências BiológicasInclui bibliografiaResumo: Foram realizados vários experimentos para estabelecer parâmetros para produção, em laboratório, do vírus da poliedrose nuclear (VPN) da lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis, para a utilização contra o inseto, a campo, como um inseticida biológico. Três isolados do VPNAg foram passados serialmente através do hospedeiro e comparados com os respectivos isolados originais, por seis gerações consecutivas. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as concentrações letais médias (CL50) dos isolados e esses não mostraram mudanças significativas na virulência devido às passagens seriadas através do hospedeiro. Com a finalidade de reduzir os custos de produção de VPNAg em laboratório, a dieta artificial do inseto foi modificada nas suas proporções de caseína e ágar (50/50 %; 30/50 % e 0/50 %), inoculadas com 43.700 corpos de inclusão poliédricos (CIP/ml) e oferecida a larvas de quinto instar de a gemmatalis, as quais foram mantidas a 29° C. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre essas dietas modificadas em relação à dieta normal do inseto, registrando-se o peso de larvas mortas por VPNAg e número de CIP/larva, mostrando que o vírus pode ser produzido em dieta contendo 50% de ágar e sem caseína. A produção do vírus também foi avaliada em função dó instar (3°, 4° e 5°), ao momento da inoculação pelo VPN, cinco concentrações do vírus na dieta, a três temperaturas (26, 29 e 32° C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram número médio de larvas mortas pelo VPNAg, seu peso médio e a produção média de CIP, baseado sobre 60 larvas/combinação (5 repetições de 12 larvas). Aquelas inoculadas no 3° instar resultaram em baixos valores nos parâmetros avaliados, quando comparadas às larvas de 4° e 5° instares. Os maiores pesos de larvas mortas por VPN foram obtidos para aquelas inoculadas no 5° instar e mantidas a 29° C, no entanto a maior produção correspondeu a larvas inoculadas no 4° instar e mantidas a 32° C, embora não tenha havido diferenças significativas entre os valores obtidos a 26 e 29° C. Em todos os casos, altos valores foram obtidos com o VPN em concentrações de 14.580 e 43.700 CIP/ml de dieta, para todos os parâmetros de produção avaliados. Duas populações de a gemmatalis (resistente e suscetível ao VPN) foram também comparadas por três gerações consecutivas, avaliando alguns parâmetros biológicos tais como peso das pupas, período de oviposição, longevidade dos adultos, fecundidade e longevidade. O peso das pupas dos insetos resistentes foi significativamente menor que as suscetíveis. O período de oviposição e a longevidade dos adultos resistentes foi significativamente maior do que os suscetíveis. Em função dessas diferenças, a fecundidade e fertilidade foram semelhantes para as populações resistente e suscetível. Para avaliar a capacidade de uma população de A. gemmatalis altamente resistente ao VPNAg (taxa de resistência maior que 3.000 vezes) de manter a resistência depois da liberação da pressão de seleção em laboratório, a população resistente foi dividida em duas na 16ª geração: uma foi liberada da pressão de seleção pelo VPN, e a outra mantida sobre pressão. Nas gerações subsequentes ambas populações foram comparadas à população suscetível (não exposta ao VPN). A população liberada da pressão manteve alta resistência ao patógeno por 10 gerações posteriores, quando comparada à população suscetível. Começando a 11ª geração, houve um expressivo decréscimo do nível de resistência (taxa de resistência de cerca de 13 vezes, comparada a mas de 1.000 vezes na F10), decrescendo ainda mais na F13 (taxa de resistência de cerca de 5 vezes).Abstract: Experiments were conducted to improve parameters for the laboratory production of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the soybean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, for its field utilization against the insect as a biological insecticide. Three AgNPV isolates were serially passed through the host and compared to respective original isolates, for six consecutive generations. There were no significant differences among the median lethal time (TL50) of these isolates and they did not show significant changes in virulence due to the serial passages through the host. With the aim of reducing the cost of laboratory production of the AgNPV, the artificial insect diet was modified in its proportions of casein and agar (50/50 %; 30/50 % and 0/50 %), inoculated with 43,700 polyhedron inclusion bodies (PIB/ml) and offered to fifth-instar A. gemmatalais larvae, which were maintained at 29 °C. No significant differences were found among these modified diets in relation to the normal insect diet, regarding weight of AgNPV dead larvae and number of PEB/larva, showing that the virus can be produced in diet containing 50 % of the agar and no casein. Virus production was also assessed in relation to the instar (3rd, 4th and 5th) at inoculation by the NPV, five virus concentrations in the diet, and three temperatures (26, 29 and 32 °C). Evaluated parameters were mean number of AgNPV-dead larvae, their mean weight, and mean production of PIB, based on 60 larvae/combination (5 replications of 12 larvae). Those inoculated as 3rd instar, resulted in lower values for the evaluated parameters, when compared to 4th and 5th instar larvae. The higher weights of NPV-dead larvae were obtained for those inoculated as 5th instar and maintained at 29 °C, while the higher PIB production corresponded to larvae inoculated as 4th instar and maintained at 32 °C, although it was not significant different from values obtained at 26 and 29 °C. In all cases, higher values were attained at NPV concentrations of 14, 580 and 43,700 PIB/ml of diet, for all evaluated production parameters. Two populations of A. gemmatalis (resistant and susceptible to the NPV) were also compared for three consecutive generations, regarding some biological parameters such as pual weight, oviposition period, adult longevity, fecundity and fetility. The pupal weight of resistant insects was significantly lower than that of susceptible ones. The oviposition period and adult longevity were significantly higher for resistant insects than for susceptible ones. In spite of these differences, fecundity and fertility were similar for resistant and susceptible populations. To evaluate the capacity of a highly resistant population of A. gemmatalis to the AgNPV (resistance ratio 3,000x) to maintain the resistance after released from the laboratory selection pressure, the resistant population was subdivided in two in generation 16: one was released from pressure by the NPV, and the other maintained under pressure. In the subsequent generations, toth populations were compared to the susceptible population (unexposed to the NPV). The populations released from NPV pressure maintained high resistance to the pathogen for 10 generations afterwards, when compared to the susceptible population. Beginning at the 11th generation, there was a dramatic decrease in the resistance level (resistance ratio of ca. 13.0x, compared to >1,000x in F10), decreasing even more in F13 (resistance ratio of ca. 5.0 x)

Development of continental magmatic systems : insights from amphibole chemistry of the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex, Central Andes

The pressure history of a continental magmatic system can be deciphered by analyzing the composition of amphiboles in the eruptive products where the pressure of equilibration correlates with the depth of the magmatic system. This can reveal vertical evolution of the magma as amphibole composition varies significantly with temperature and pressure. The Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) is a long-lived and large continental magmatic system that has produced episodic ignimbrite eruptions during the last 10 m.y. The amphiboles from ignimbrites of the various stages during the 10 Ma history have been analyzed, classified and the pressure and temperature calculated using thermodynamic calculation. The APVC amphiboles are calcic amphiboles and are magnesiohornblende, tschermakite, magnesiohastingsite, and edenite based on the Leake et al. (1997) classification and based on the Deer et al. (1992) scheme. The amphiboles are also calcic, namely, hornblende, tschermakite, pargasite, and edenite. They are broadly similar to amphiboles from other calc-alkaline dacitic systems through space and time. The calculated P-T conditions range from 0.2 to 2.5 kbar and 765°C to 871°C. The P-T conditions are generally similar throughout the 10 Ma time frame of the APVC, although higher minimum and maximum pressures are recorded in the most voluminous 4 Ma pulse. The APVC magmas are representative of calc-alkaline dacitic magmas associated with subduction and therefore it is a useful model for how large calc-alkaline dacitic systems might evolve. The lack of an obvious trend in P and T with time during the 10 million years history of the APVC, suggests that evolution of dacitic magmas prior to eruption is limited to a narrow depth range in the crust, which is probably primarily controlled by the density of the magmas

An investigation of the roles of traditional leadership in the liberation struggle in southern Sudan from 1983-2004

The aim of this research study was to examine the role of traditional leadership during the upsurge of civil war in Southern Sudan. There has not been much research conducted in this field especially in Abiem County. Throughout the research process the role of traditional leaders has shown an unprecedented position during the liberation struggled characterized by huge support in terms of material support, manpower and political mobilization. The data analysis clearly reflected the roles of traditional leaders that occupied the historical perspective amidst the armed struggle waged by successive liberation movements and especially during the Sudan people’s Liberation Movement and Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLM/SPLA) from 1983 - 2004. It reflected on the vital roles of people’s support in the liberation movement represented by their traditional leaders, chiefs, elders, spiritual leaders, women and youth. Thus the perception of the role of traditional leadership in its different categories ha s shown a satisfactory and effective contribution to the war of liberation in Southern Sudan. However, in order to achieve the objectives, an investigation was conducted with various interviewees. As stated earlier, participants ranged from the chiefs and elders to local military and civil appointed administrators, women, youth and religious leaders. The main results of the study have profoundly asserted the important role of traditional leaders in the local government and their involvement in popular decision making and in local conflict management