Vier Beiträge für die Frühjahrskonferenz zur Erforschung des Fremdsprachenunterrichts

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Lerninhalte des Ausspracheunterrichts, am Beispiel 'Französisch für Deutschsprachige': unveränderter Originaltext der im Sommersemester 1977 vom Fachbereich Neuphilologie der Universität Tübingen angenommenen Habilitationsschrift ; vier Auszüge und zwei Anlagen

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Koordinationschemie -gebundener Cyclopentadienyl-Chalkogeno-Ether

Coordination Chemistry of rr-Bonded Cyclopentadienyl Chalcogeno Ethers, I. - Chelate Complexes of Pentakis(methylthio)cymantrene with Metal Carbonyls [C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3 (1) reacts with W(CO)5(THF), Mo(CO)4(C7H8), Cr(CO)3(NCMe)3, and Re(CO)4(-C3H5)/HBF4 to yield the monochelate complexes [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(C0)3][M(CO)4] (M = W: 2; M = Mo: 3) and the dichelate complexes [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3][M(C0)4]2 (M = W: 4; M = Cr: 5; M = Re BFF4 : 6). The reaction with Mo(CO)3(p-xylene) in THF leads via unstable intermediates, which contain coordinated THF, to a mixture of 3 and [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3][Mo(CO)4]2 (7). The structures of 3 and 4 in the crystal have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods

Effect of impervious surface area and vegetation changes on mean surface temperature over Tshwane metropolis, Gauteng Province, South Africa

The Tshwane Metropolis, Gauteng Province, South Africa, continues to experience rapid urbanization as a result of population growth. This has led to the conversion of natural lands into large man-made landscapes i.e., increase in impervious surfaces and a decrease in vegetative cover. This land use or land cover changes are also thought to affect the climate of the Tshwane metropolis as is evidenced by heat waves in 2013 and 2014. This paper describes how vegetation and impervious surface area (ISA) or built up areas were classified from Landsat 8 LCDM, 2013, and Landsat 7 ETM+, 2003 images using thematic spectral indices and mean surface temperatures derived from the thermal bands. The linear relationship between the two land cover types and surface temperature (LST) derived from the thermal bands was also examined. The results of this research reveal that the ISA increase has occurred due to urban sprawl and this has contributed to increase in surface temperature.The Applied Centre for Climate and Earth System Science (ACCESS) and University of Pretoria.http://www.sajg.org.za/index.php/sajgam2016Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorolog

Effect of impervious surface area and vegetation changes on mean surface temperature over Tshwane metropolis, Gauteng Province, South Africa

The Tshwane Metropolis, Gauteng Province, South Africa, continues to experience rapid urbanization as a result of population growth. This has led to the conversion of natural lands into large man-made landscapes i.e., increase in impervious surfaces and a decrease in vegetative cover. This land use or land cover changes are also thought to affect the climate of the Tshwane metropolis as is evidenced by heat waves in 2013 and 2014. This paper describes how vegetation and impervious surface area (ISA) or built up areas were classified from Landsat 8 LCDM, 2013, and Landsat 7 ETM+, 2003 images using thematic spectral indices and mean surface temperatures derived from the thermal bands. The linear relationship between the two land cover types and surface temperature (LST) derived from the thermal bands was also examined. The results of this research reveal that the ISA increase has occurred due to urban sprawl and this has contributed to increase in surface temperature.The Applied Centre for Climate and Earth System Science (ACCESS) and University of Pretoria.http://www.sajg.org.za/index.php/sajgam2016Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorolog

Near-zero environmental impact aircraft

The fundamental challenge facing today's aviation industry is to achieve net zero climate impacts while simultaneously sustaining growth and global connectivity. Aviation's impact on surface air quality, which is comparable to aviation's climate impact when monetized, further heightens this challenge. Prior studies have proposed solutions that aim to mitigate either aviation's climate or air quality impacts. No previous work has proposed an aircraft-energy system that simultaneously addresses both aviation's climate and air quality impacts. In this paper we (1) use a multi-disciplinary design approach to optimize aircraft and propulsion systems, (2) estimate lifecycle costs and emissions of producing sustainable fuels including the embodied emissions associated with electricity generation and fuel production, (3) use trajectory optimization to quantify the fuel penalty to avoid persistent contrail formation based on a full year of global flight operations (including, for the first time, contrail avoidance for a hydrogen burning aircraft), and (4) quantify climate and air quality benefits of the proposed solutions using a simplified climate model and sensitivities derived from a global chemistry transport model. We propagate uncertainties in environmental impacts using a Monte-Carlo approach. We use these models to propose and analyze near-zero environmental impact aircraft, which we define as having net zero climate warming and a greater than 95% reduction in air quality impacts relative to present day. We contrast the environmental impacts of today's aircraft-energy system against one built around either "drop-in" fuels or hydrogen. We find that a "zero-impact" aircraft is possible using either hydrogen or power-to-liquid "drop-in" fuels. The proposed aircraft-energy systems reduce combined climate and air quality impacts by 99%, with fuel costs increasing by 40% for hydrogen and 70% for power-to-liquid fueled aircraft relative to today's fleet (i.e., within the range of historical jet fuel price variation). Beyond the specific case presented here, this work presents a framework for holistic analysis of future aviation systems that considers both climate and air quality impacts.The fundamental challenge facing the aviation industry is to achieve near-zero environmental impacts while sustaining growth. We propose a near-zero impact aircraft, taking a lifecycle perspective across fuels, aircraft design, and operation