Chlorido{4-cyclo­hexyl-1-[1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)ethyl­idene]thio­semicarbazidato-κ2 N 1,S}diphenyl­tin(IV)

The distorted octa­hedral geometry about the SnIV atom in the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)2(C14H19N4S)Cl], is defined by the N,N,S-tridentate Schiff base ligand, two mutually trans ipso-C atoms of the Sn-bound phenyl groups, and the Cl atom which is trans to the azo N atom. The two five-membered chelate rings and pyridyl ring are almost coplanar with the dihedral angle between the outer five-membered chelate and pyridine rings being 5.39 (8)°. Centrosymmetric dimers feature in the crystal packing mediated by N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, leading to eight-membered {⋯HNCS}2 synthons. The dimeric aggregates are connected into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions, as well as π–π inter­actions occurring between centrosymmetrically related pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6322 (13) Å]

Biomass accumulation and energy conversion efficiency in aromatic rice genotypes

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate photosynthetic efficiency along with different growth parameters of aromatic rice genotypes. Forty genotypes including three non-aromatic checks exhibited enormous variations for leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), grain yield, total dry matter, harvest index and photosynthetic efficiency or energy use efficiency (Emu) at panicle initiation and heading stages. Minimum LAI-value was 0.52 in Khazar at PI stage and maximum was 4.91 in Sakkor khora at heading stage. The CGR-value was in the range of 4.80-24.11 g m(-2) per day. The best yielder BR39 produced grain of 4.21 t ha(-1) and the worst yielder Khazar gave 1.42 t ha(-1). Total dry matter (TDM) yield varied from 4.04 to 12.26 t ha(-1) where genotypes proved their energy use efficiency a range between 0.58 to 1.65%. Emu showed a significant positive relation with TDM (r=0.80(**)), CGR (r=0.72(**)) and grain yield (r=0.66(**)). A negative correlation was established between TDM and harvest index and LAI and RGR. Path analysis result showed that NAR at heading stage exerted highest positive direct effect (0.70) on Emu

Treatability ofTropical Wood Using Newly Synthesized Organotin(IV) Complexes

The treatability ofthree tropical wood species namely Alstonia scholar is (pulai), Macaranga triloba (mahang) and Hevea brasiliensis (rubberwood) was investigated Wood species were chemically treated with five newly synthesized organotin(lV) complexes using full-cell treatment method This study explored whether tropical wood species could be treated successfully with newly synthesized organotin(IV) complexes as wood preservatives. Ten 19x19x19 mm sized wood cubes of each species were treated with three levels of concentration (0.1, 0.5 and 1 %) ofmono me thyltin (IV) (MMI') andmonophenyltin(IV) (MPT) ofmono series and dimethyltin(IV) (DMT), diphenyltin(IV) (DPT) and dibulyltin(IV) (DBT) ofdiseries organotin(IV) complexes with 2-acetylpyridine-N (4)-cyclohexyl thiosemicarbazone ligand The treated wood species were evaluated by chemical retention values and characterized by FT -IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy analysis. The highest retention (10.59 kg m-1) was found in Alstonia scholaris treated with 1% DMT complexes and the lowest retention (0.47 kg m -') was found inHevea brasiliensis treated with OJ % DMT complexes. FT -IR spectra oftreated wood showed new absorption bands in the range of 594-606 and 441-457 em-I due to Sn-C and Sn-N bonds, respectively. A newly formed absorption band at range 549-569 cm-1 due to Sn-O band was also observed in the treated wood sample spectra. Chemical retention and FTIR spectra suggest tropical wood species are treatable with newly synthesized organotin(IV) complexes as wood preservatives

Evaluation of doctors’ performance as facilitators in basic medical science lecture classes in a new Malaysian medical school

Background: Didactic lecture is the oldest and most commonly used method of teaching. In addition, it is considered one of the most efficient ways to disseminate theories, ideas, and facts. Many critics feel that lectures are an obsolete method to use when students need to perform hands-on activities, which is an everyday need in the study of medicine. This study evaluates students’ perceptions regarding lecture quality in a new medical school. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted of the medical students of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. The study population was 468 preclinical medical students from years 1 and 2 of academic year 2012–2013. Data were collected using a validated instrument. There were six different sections of questions using a 5-point Likert scale. The data were then compiled and analyzed, using SPSS version 20. Results: The response rate was 73%. Among 341 respondents, 30% were male and 70% were female. Eighty-five percent of respondents agree or strongly agree that the lectures had met the criteria with regard to organization of lecture materials. Similarly, 97% of students agree or strongly agree that lecturers maintained adequate voices and gestures. Conclusion: Medical students are quite satisfied with the lecture classes and the lectures. However, further research is required to identify student-centered teaching and learning methods to promote active learning

Synthesis, spectral characterization and crystal structure of a novel trinuclear di-n-butyltin(IV) complex with pyruvic acid-N(4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone (H2PACT)

A new trinuclear di-n-butyltin(IV) complex with pyruvic acid-N(4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone (H2PACT) ligand was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, UVeVis, FT-IR, 1H, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray study. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data revealed that this complex was trinuclear cyclic fashion with the pyruvic acid-N(4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone ligand. In the trinuclear di-n-butyltin(IV) complex, the ligand (H2PACT) is coordinated to the central tin(IV) atoms via the carboxylato-O, the azomethine-N and the thiolato-S atoms. The trinuclear tin system is formed by the bridges through the carbonyl oxygen atom of the carboxylate moieties and making the tin atom of seven coordinated in distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Single crystal X-ray data indicates that the complex (1) crystallized in cubic system with space group I-43d, a ¼ b ¼ c ¼ 30.3273(17) Å, a ¼ b ¼ g ¼ 90�, Z ¼ 16, m(MoKa) ¼ 1.209 mm�1, F(000) ¼ 12,144, and final R1 ¼ 0.0390, wR2 ¼ 0.0843 for observed reflections 4582(I > 2s(I))

Biosafety level-2 laboratory diagnosis of Zaire Ebola virus disease imported from Liberia to Nigeria

Introduction: Global travel is an efficient route of transmission for highly infectious pathogens and increases the chances of such pathogens moving from high disease-endemic areas to new regions. We describe the rapid and safe identification of the first imported case of Ebola virus disease in a traveler to Lagos, Nigeria, using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in a biosafety level (BSL)-2 facility. Case presentation: On 20 July 2014, a traveler arrived from Liberia at Lagos International Airport and was admitted to a private hospital in Lagos, with clinical suspicion of Ebola virus disease. Methodology and Outcome: Blood and urine specimens were collected, transported to the Virology Unit Laboratory at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, and processed under stringent biosafety conditions for viral RNA extraction. RT-PCR was set-up to query the Ebola, Lassa and Dengue fever viruses. Amplicons for pan-filoviruses were detected as 300 bp bands on a 1.5% agarose gel image; there were no detectable bands for Lassa and Dengue viral RNA. Nucleotide BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of sequence data of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) gene confirmed the sequence to be Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV/Hsap/ NGA/2014/LIB-NIG 01072014; Genbank: KM251803.1). Conclusion: Our BSL-2 facility in Lagos, Nigeria, was able to safely detect Ebola virus disease using molecular techniques, supporting the reliability of molecular detection of highly infectious viral pathogens under stringent safety guidelines in BSL-2 laboratories. This is a significant lesson for the many under-facilitated laboratories in resource-limited settings, as is predominantly found in sub-Saharan Africa

Ekologi dan Ilmu Lingkungan

Kita ketahui bersama bahwa manusia hidup tidak bisa lepas dari lingkungannya. Keberadaan manusia di bumi merupakan faktor penyebab terjadinya masalah lingkungan hidup. Pertumbuhan penduduk yang besar mengakibatkan meningkatnya masalah terhadap lingkungan hidup. Seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk ini maka semakin bertambah pula kebutuhan untuk bertahan hidup dan permasalahan yang terkait dengan lingkungan menjadi banyak dan luas. Menyikapi hal ini maka pemahaman tentang ekologi lingkungan hidup perlu diberikan sejak dini agar permasalahan yang terkait dengan lingkungan dapat dicegah dan diatasi dengan baik. Buku ini terdiri dari 18 Bab, membahas tentang: Bab 1 : Ekologi dan Pengetahuan Lingkungan Bab 2 : Jenis-jenis Ekosistem Bab 3 : Daur Energi Bab 4 : Suksesi Bab 5 : Permasalahan Ekosistem Bab 6 : Manusia, Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan Bab 7 : Definisi Lingungan dan Ilmu Lingkungan Bab 8 : Lingkungan Dalam Konteks Global Bab 9 : Konservasi Lingkungan Bab 10 : Prinsip-prinsip Ilmu Lingkungan Bab 11 : Pencemaran Lingkungan Bab 12 : Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Bab 13 : Persepsi Lingkunga

From Ebola to COVID-19: emergency preparedness and response plans and actions in Lagos, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Lagos state is the industrial nerve centre of Nigeria and was the epicentre of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Nigeria as it is now for the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This paper describes how the lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak in 2014 informed the emergency preparedness of the State ahead of the COVID-19 outbreak and guided response. DISCUSSION: Following the Ebola outbreak in 2014, the Lagos State government provided governance by developing a policy on emergency preparedness and biosecurity and provided oversight and coordination of emergency preparedness strategies. Capacities for emergency response were strengthened by training key staff, developing a robust surveillance system, and setting up a Biosafety Level 3 laboratory and biobank. Resource provision, in terms of finances and trained personnel for emergencies was prioritized by the government. With the onset of COVID-19, Lagos state was able to respond promptly to the outbreak using the centralized Incident Command Structure and the key activities of the Emergency Operations Centre. Contributory to effective response were partnerships with the private sectors, community engagement and political commitment. CONCLUSION: Using the lessons learned from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Lagos State had gradually prepared its healthcare system for a pandemic such as COVID-19. The State needs to continue to expand its preparedness to be more resilient and future proof to respond to disease outbreaks. Looking beyond intra-state gains, lessons and identified best practices from the past and present should be shared with other states and countries

From Ebola to COVID-19: emergency preparedness and response plans and actions in Lagos, Nigeria

Background Lagos state is the industrial nerve centre of Nigeria and was the epicentre of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Nigeria as it is now for the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This paper describes how the lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak in 2014 informed the emergency preparedness of the State ahead of the COVID-19 outbreak and guided response. Discussion Following the Ebola outbreak in 2014, the Lagos State government provided governance by developing a policy on emergency preparedness and biosecurity and provided oversight and coordination of emergency preparedness strategies. Capacities for emergency response were strengthened by training key staff, developing a robust surveillance system, and setting up a Biosafety Level 3 laboratory and biobank. Resource provision, in terms of finances and trained personnel for emergencies was prioritized by the government. With the onset of COVID-19, Lagos state was able to respond promptly to the outbreak using the centralized Incident Command Structure and the key activities of the Emergency Operations Centre. Contributory to effective response were partnerships with the private sectors, community engagement and political commitment. Conclusion Using the lessons learned from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Lagos State had gradually prepared its healthcare system for a pandemic such as COVID-19. The State needs to continue to expand its preparedness to be more resilient and future proof to respond to disease outbreaks. Looking beyond intra-state gains, lessons and identified best practices from the past and present should be shared with other states and countries