Accurate range free localization in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

To localize wireless sensor networks (WSN)s nodes, only the hop-based data have been so far utilized by range free techniques, with poor-accuracy, though. In this thesis, we show that localization accuracy may importantly advantage from mutual utilization, at no cost, of the information already offered by the advancing nodes (i.e., relays) between all anchors (i.e., position-aware) and sensor nodes join up. In addition, energy-based informant localization approaches are generally established corresponding to the channel path-loss models in which the noise is mostly expected to shadow Gaussian distributions. In this thesis, we signify the applied additive noise by the Gaussian mixture model and improve a localization algorithm depend on the received signal intensity to attain the greatest likelihood location, estimator. By employing Jensen’s inequality and semidefinite relaxation, the originally offered nonlinear and nonconvex estimator is relaxed into a convex optimization difficulty, which is able to be professionally resolved to acquire the totally best solution. Moreover, the resultant Cramer–Rao lower bound is originated for occurrence comparison. Simulation and experimental results show a substantial performance gain achieved by our proposed localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks. The performance is evaluated in terms of RMSE in terms of three algorithms WLS, CRLR, and GMSDP based on using the Monte Carlo simulation with account the number of anchors that varying from anchor=4 to anchor =20. Finally, the GMSDP- algorithm achieves and provides a better value of RMSEs and the greatest localization estimation errors comparing with the CRLR algorithm and WLS algorithm

Exact Invariant Solutions for Generalized Invicid Burgers' Equation with Damping

In this work we study the Lie group analysis of a generalized invicid Burgers' equations with damping. Seven inequivalent classes of this generalized equation were classified and many exact and transformed solutions were obtained for each class.Comment: 16 page

MUSLIM COLLEGE STUDENTS AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT

This study explores the nature of civic engagement of Muslim college students in the United States. The Community of Practice Theory is used as a conceptual structure to explore the relation between meaning, practice, identity and organization for Muslim students active in civic engagement through campus-based Muslim Student organizations. Pluralism, as shared values that combine different people and advocates wider civic participation, was adopted as part of the conceptual framework to see how the Muslim students think, serve, learn, and develop throughout the process of engagement on campus and in the local community. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of Islamophobia on the one hand and campus initiatives for diversity and inclusion on the other. The study uses a mixed method design to uncover multiple dimensions of civic engagement of the Muslim students. In the first part of the study, a close-ended survey completed by fifty Muslim students on three Midwestern college campuses with active Muslim Student Associations (MSA) explored the domains, types, and intensity of civic engagement. In the subsequent qualitative field research, interviews of 12 members of the three MSAs explored the purposes, goals, effects, values, and aims of civic engagement from personal and organizational perspectives. The qualitative design also included field observations of MSA meetings and activities. The study found that Muslim students’ engagement in civic practices is driven by religious, national, and conditional factors. Islam is the moral compass that incentivizes and guides their social and service activities on campus and in the local community. Through different aspects of practice, Muslim students affirm their presence as American citizens and encounter the negative discourses and images circulated about their faith identity. Engagement in the organization opens up ways for the Muslim students to establish constructive relations with non-Muslims, create connection and collaboration between the campus and the local community of Muslims, grow civically, and develop various leadership skills

Design of an adaptive state feedback controller for a magnetic levitation system

This paper presents designing an adaptive state feedback controller (ASFC) for a magnetic levitation system (MLS), which is an unstable system and has high nonlinearity and represents a challenging control problem. First, a nonadaptive state feedback controller (SFC) is designed by linearization about a selected equilibrium point and designing a SFC by pole-placement method to achieve maximum overshoot of 1.5% and settling time of 1s (5% criterion). When the operating point changes, the designed controller can no longer achieve the design specifications, since it is designed based on a linearization about a different operating point. This gives rise to utilizing the adaptive control scheme to parameterize the state feedback controller in terms of the operating point. The results of the simulation show that the operating point has significant effect on the performance of nonadaptive SFC, and this performance may degrade as the operating point deviates from the equilibrium point, while the ASFC achieves the required design specification for any operating point and outperforms the state feedback controller from this point of view

A Study Into Usability of Collaborative Software Designing on a Smartboard: - Comparing Sketching And Geometrical Modeling

This paper conducted an observational study to understand the impact which different visual appearances, sketching and geometrical figures (traditional modeling), have on the design process. The study also investigated what features are needed to make the usability of tools which combine visual appearances more intuitive for the users. OctoUML was chosen as a representation for tools which combine the use of sketching and the traditional modeling. An evaluation of the different usability characteristics was made on OctoUML. Moreover, guidelines for creation and user experience design of tools which aim to combine sketching and traditional modeling have been presented

Adsorbent from Low-Cost Bio Waste for Treating Municipal Wastewater

 تبحث هذه الدراسة فعالية استخدام أوراق الشاي المستهلك لإزالة أيونات المعادن الثقيلة من مياه الصرف. يتم التحقيق في تأثير أيونات المعادن على الممتزات من خلال تغيير وقت التلامس، والجرعات وكذلك تركيز المعادن. يتم البحث أيضًا عن حساسية عملية الامتصاص للأس الهيدروجيني أثناء طريقة الدُفعات. عند درجة حموضة 7 أو أقل، اعتمادًا على تركيز المعادن الثقيلة، تكون إزالة أيونات المعدن في أقصى حد لها؛ بمجرد تحقيق التوازن تتوقف إزالة أيونات المعدن. تشير النتائج إلى أنه يمكن استخدام اوراق الشاي المستهلكة إلى جانب مواد ماصة فعالة أخرى، لمعالجة مياه الصرف التي تحتوي على أيونات المعادن الثقيلة . يتم التحقيق في آثار الممتزات ووقت التلامس وتركيزات المعادن الرئيسية على النسبة المئوية للإزالة. يتمتع الشاي بمعدل امتصاص مرتفع، وقد تم تحقيق القدرة على الامتصاص والفعالية من حيث التكلفة لاستخدام أوراق الشاي لإزالة معدن الرصاص من مياه الصرف في هذا النهج. تم استخدام طريقتي Freundlich وLangmuir   للتجربة الدفعية لحساب كمية المادة الممتزة وتركيز المعدن الثقيل.  تبحث هذه الدراسة فعالية استخدام أوراق الشاي المستهلك لإزالة أيونات المعادن الثقيلة من مياه الصرف. يتم التحقيق في تأثير أيونات المعادن على الممتزات من خلال تغيير وقت التلامس، والجرعات وكذلك تركيز المعادن. يتم البحث أيضًا عن حساسية عملية الامتصاص للأس الهيدروجيني أثناء طريقة الدُفعات. عند درجة حموضة 7 أو أقل، اعتمادًا على تركيز المعادن الثقيلة، تكون إزالة أيونات المعدن في أقصى حد لها؛ بمجرد تحقيق التوازن تتوقف إزالة أيونات المعدن. تشير النتائج إلى أنه يمكن استخدام اوراق الشاي المستهلكة إلى جانب مواد ماصة فعالة أخرى، لمعالجة مياه الصرف التي تحتوي على أيونات المعادن الثقيلة . يتم التحقيق في آثار الممتزات ووقت التلامس وتركيزات المعادن الرئيسية على النسبة المئوية للإزالة. يتمتع الشاي بمعدل امتصاص مرتفع، وقد تم تحقيق القدرة على الامتصاص والفعالية من حيث التكلفة لاستخدام أوراق الشاي لإزالة معدن الرصاص من مياه الصرف في هذا النهج. تم استخدام طريقتي Freundlich وLangmuir   للتجربة الدفعية لحساب كمية المادة الممتزة وتركيز المعدن الثقيل.This study looks into the efficacy of using used tea leaves to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater. The effect of mineral ions on adsorbents is investigated by varying contact time, ricin dose, and starting mineral concentration. Researchers are also looking into the adsorption process's sensitivity to pH during the batch method. At a pH of 7 or below, depending on the concentration of heavy metals, metal ion removal is at its maximum; once equilibrium is attained, metal ion removal stops. The results suggest that used paper tea, along with other effective absorbent materials, could be used to treat wastewater containing heavy metal ions.. Additionally, the effects of resin, contact time, and principal mineral concentrations on the percentage of removal are being investigated. Tea has a high rate of absorption,the absorbency and cost effectiveness of using tea leaves to remove lead metal from wastewater have been achieved  in this approach. The Freundlich and Langmuir methods of the batch experiment were used to calculate the amount of adsorbent material and the concentration of heavy metal in this investigation. The corresponding equations were uncovered, and their secrets revealed

Synthesis, analysis and biological evaluation of heterocyclic drugs

Chapter 1: Chapter One provides an overview on the Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis. New procedures, implementing metal based Lewis acids, Brønsted acids and metal-free Lewis acid catalysts have been used in this process. Also, new one-pot two- and three-component methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of various natural products containing the pyridine motif and these have been compared and contrasted. This chapter also discusses signalling pathways in Werner syndrome cells. The inhibitor SB203580 has been shown to prevent the phosphorylation of the p38α kinase in a ATP competitive manner and this implicates this mechanism in accelerated ageing and gives potential to the prospect of targeting this pathway in a drug discovery programme, if better mechanistic understanding can be garnered. Chapter 2: Chapter Two discusses the Bohlman–Rahtz synthesis of various substituted pyridines. The process has been modified to be simple, involves mild conditions and provides the heterocyclic targets in high yield. We have shown that substituted pyridines could be synthesised efficiently under microwave conditions using a relatively short reaction time. The process was also successful for the production of a range of fused heterocycles containing the pyridine moiety in high yield, including pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones. Chapter 3: Chapter Three describes the efficient synthesis of the p38 MAPK inhibitor UR-13756 using a Hantzsch-type three component cyclocondensation. Microwave irradiation of a mixture of 3-amino-1-methylpyrazole hydrochloride, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyridine-4-yl)ethanone and 4-fluorobenzaldhyde for 4 hours in ethanol under acidic catalytic conditions provided UR-13756 in high yield (71%) after purification by column chromatography. Chapter 4: Chapter Four shows the synthesis of 4-(3-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzamide in three steps by the use of rigorous experimental procedures under microwave conditions. This technique led to faster heating rates and allowed the rapid optimization of yields. These advantages were observed in all steps and allow formation of products in high yields. Biological study of the inhibitor 4-(3-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzamide showed, by ELISA analysis, that p38 signalling was inhibited in control dermal cells. Some progress was made towards the synthesis of 3-amino-4-[1-(3-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)]benzamide. Chapter 5: Chapter Five investigates the synthesis of the chemotherapeutic agent RO3201195, a highly selective inhibitor of p38α, in seven steps under microwave conditions. The procedure provides a relatively high overall yield of the desired product and all other intermediates involved in individual steps compared with conventional heating methods. Chapter 6: Chapter Six provides the experimental procedures and various spectroscopic data for the synthesized compounds

A comparison of the conversion of isopropyl alcohol by non-thermal plasma and thermally-driven catalysis using in-situ FTIR spectroscopy

PhD ThesisIn-situ Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) InfraRed (IR) transmission and reflectance cells were designed, fabricated, modified and commissioned in order to facilitate the study of the catalysed NTP conversion of IsoPropyl Alcohol (IPA). IPA was chosen as the model compound because of its relevance to domestic air pollution and the significant body of infrared data on the reaction of the compound in thermal and NTP systems. As catalyst selection for NTP systems has often been made based on those materials active in the analogous thermal systems, the NTP experiments were supported by studies employing a Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform system and a commercial environmental chamber capable of being heated up to 600 °C in a controlled atmosphere. The initial studies focussed on Macor, a ceramic comprising predominantly the oxides of Al, Mg and Si as they were intended to furnish benchmark data, as it was assumed that Macor would be inactive, but had a reasonable dielectric constant and was thermally stable. Macor did indeed prove inactive towards IPA on heating up to 600 °C: however, the material was highly active in the NTP process, with IPA reacting in the bulk of the plasma to produce acetone, which then reacted at the Macor to produce a polymer and isophorone. In addition, HCN, methane and cold CO, CO at ca. 115 K, were produced in the plasma bulk: the production of methane and cold CO was interpreted in terms of the fragmentation of acetaldehyde, produced but not directly observed, via a loose transition state. SnO2 and CeO2 were also selected for study: in the former case primarily because of the wealth of IR data on the oxide from previous work in Newcastle, and the CeO2 was selected for its known activity towards IPA and the concomitant IR data in the literature both from thermal and NTP studies. IPA did not react in the plasma over SnO2, but reacted to produce acetone and then CO2 in the analogous thermal experiments. In contrast, IPA did react over CeO2 in the plasma, giving the same products as with Macor and it also reacted at CeO2 in the thermal experiments, to produce acetone and then CO2, the products and their onset temperatures depending strongly on the pretreatment of the CeO2 to remove adventitious adsorbed carbonates and bicarbonates. The NTP-driven process did not appear to be inhibited by these species.Government of Iraq for a Scholarship, the Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq HCED-Iraq, the Iraq Ministry of Oil and Petroleum Research and Development Center PRDC for the opportunity to study for a Ph. D. and for their financial suppor

Enhancement of Bending Strength of Helical Gears by Using Asymmetric Involute Teeth Profiles

This paper presents an alternative method to enhance the bending stress for helical gears achieved that by using Asymmetric Involute Teeth Profiles. Theoretically, ??the bending stress of a symmetric gear tooth is calculated by classical Lewis equation (1892), then this equation is developed by M.Q. Abdullah (2012) to take into account the effect of asymmetry of tooth profiles. In this paper, the bending stress for helical gear teeth with asymmetric profile has been calculated analytically by modifying the M.Q. Abdullah equation. In this paper, analytically this equation has been modified to find the bending stress for helical gear with asymmetric teeth at a specified number of teeth (14 teeth) at any helix angle. Also this value has been verified by using numerical solution based on the finite element method technique that done by the software Autodesk simulation mechanical is package v2014. Where the generation process of helical gear have been modelled by using 3D CAD Graphics Software Autodesk inventor professional 2014. The results of this work indicate to the most important conclusion of a helical gear drive with asymmetric teeth profiles having loaded side pressure angle of ( ) and unloaded side pressure angle of ( ) is better than a helical gear drive with symmetric teeth profiles having standard pressure angles of ( ) from the point of view of tooth bending strength. There are significant enhancement in the results of maximum tooth bending stress for asymmetric involute of tooth gear compared with the standard gear. In addition, the results demonstrate optimum helix angle is ( ) which has the highest enhancement percentage. Keywords: Gear, Helical, Involute profile, Asymmetric, Bending Stress, Autodesk inventor, Simulation

The Legal Protection of Children's Rights due to Parental Divorce in Islamic Family Law in Predominantly Muslim Countries

The divorce is a legal event whose consequences are regulated by law. According to Islamic Family Law, it is considered as legal event that has legal consequences for both couple and the children. Many Islamic countries has specified the consequence of divorce law for the legal protection of children as that both fathers and mothers must still maintain and educate their children. Now, their legal systems have extended the interests of the child in both regulations and court decisions. The issue of legal protection for children and the obligations of parents to children has been regulated in various laws and regulations in some Islamic countries. Court decisions obliged the parents to fulfill children's rights as a form of legal protection for children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal protection of children due to parental divorce in some Islamic countries. The object for the research was the regulations in the form of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangladesh. The method is normative juridical with library research technique by analyzing legal documents in the forms of legal literature, regulations or legislation. The findings of this study highlight the role of decision makers and related institutions to strengthen the magnitude of family law and human rights in providing legal protection for children. The findings are desirable to become a practical and theoretical reference in synchronizing the interests between justice values and the need for family law reconstruction to fulfil children’s interests in parental divorce cases