Concepts of right, trust and justice on Islamic and Western civilization

MakaleHak kelimesi, farklı kelimelerle ifade edilse de tüm çağlarda en üst düzeyde farkında olunan bir kavramdır. İnsan zihninin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan hak anlayışı, onun her dönemde önemli olmasını sağlamış, beraberinde diğer adalet ve emanet gibi iki kavramın da muhafaza edilmesine vesile olmuştur. Fert ve toplumların sahip oldukları bazı haklarını kötü kullanmaları, haksız uygulamaları, emanete ihanet etmeleri gibi sapmalar, peygamberlerle ıslah edilmeye çalışılmış, üstünler hukukuna dönüştürülerek yanlış uygulanan hak, adalet anlayışı ile emanet kavramlarının yeniden aslî yerine konulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu sebeple Hz. Adem’le birlikte temelleri atılan İslam Medeniyeti'nin temelini ‘hak’ , adalet ve ‘emanet’ bilinci oluşturmaktadır. Kulun yaratılmasının özünü teşkil eden ibadet “Allah hakkı”, kulların birbirlerine karşı olan görevleri ise “kul hakları” olarak isimlendirilmiş, bu iki hakka uygun yaşamanın mükâfatının dünyada selamet, ahirette ise cennet olduğu beyan edilmiştir. İslam’daki adalet ve emanete riayet etme prensibinin hak anlayışıyla doğrudan irtibatı bulunmakta ve insanoğlundan Allah’a ve kullara müteallik olan “hak emanetine” sahip çıkılması istenmektedir. Bu makalede İslam Medeniyeti'nde hukukun özünü teşkil eden hak ve emanet anlayışı ile hak nazariyesinin irtibatlı olduğu kavramlar, Batıdaki yansımalarıyla mukayeseli olarak teorik düzeyde izah edilmeye ve hakkın ferdi ve toplumsal önemi ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır.Although the word ‘rights’ is said in different words is a concept that is highly concerned in all ages. The fact that the concept of right has been placed on human nature has made it important in every period. Misuse of some rights of individuals and societies, deviations such as unfair practices, betrayal of trust, prophets were tried to be corrected, it is aimed to put the concepts of right, justice and trust entrusted to the original place again. For this reason, the foundation of Islamic Civilization, which was founded with Adam, constitutes ‘right’, justice and ‘trust’ consciousness. The worship constituting the essence of the creation of the servant was called “the right of Allah” and the duties of the servants against each other were called “servant rights, the salvation in the world of the reward of living in accordance with these two rights, in the hereafter it is declared to be paradise. The principle of complying with justice and custody in Islam has a direct connection with the understanding of rights and human beings are asked to claim the “trust” of Allah and His servants. In this article, the concepts of rights and trust that constitute the essence of law in Islamic Civilization and the concepts that are related to the theory of rights will be explained at theoretical level in comparison with their reflections in the West and the individual and social importance of the right will be discussed

Korištenje GIS tehnika za modeliranje širenja antropogene buke koju stvara motorna pila prilikom sječe šuma

Noise is an environmental pollution that negatively affects human health and reduces the performance of employees. Forest harvesting activities are one of the working environments where noise effect is intense. The most common equipment used in forest operations is chainsaw whose noise affects not only the operator but also the wildlife in the territory. The noise maps showing noise propagation can be effectively used in evaluating and controlling the noise effects. In this study, it was aimed to measure the anthropogenic noise levels ​​resulting from the chainsaw used in tree felling and to map its noise propagation with SPreAD-GIS (System for Prediction of Acoustic Detectability) which is a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) based noise prediction software. The study was conducted in Karacabey Flooded Forest within the city of Bursa in Türkiye. The results indicated that the average noise level from the chainsaw was above the danger limit (90 dBA) that causes increased physiological reactions and headache on the workers. According to the noise propagation map, the noise exposure of the employees exceeded the warning limit (85 dBA) and the maximum noise level was 95.96 dBA during the harvesting activity. In some parts of the study area, the noise level was 45 dBA or above, causing negative effects on bird species. It can be concluded that the noise maps can be effectively used to determine noise propagation generated by a chainsaw and evaluate the noise effects on the operators and as well as on the bird species in the perimeter.Buka je onečišćenje okoliša koje negativno utječe na zdravlje ljudi i smanjuje učinak zaposlenika. Aktivnosti sječe šuma jedno su od radnih okruženja u kojima je buka intenzivna. Najčešća oprema koja se koristi u šumarstvu je motorna pila, čija buka utječe ne samo na operatera, već i na divlje životinje na teritoriju. Karte buke koje prikazuju širenje buke mogu se učinkovito koristiti za procjenu i kontrolu učinaka buke. U ovome radu cilj je bio izmjeriti razine antropogene buke nastale radom motorne pile koja se koristi pri sječi stabala i mapirati širenje buke pomoću SPreAD-GIS programa (Sustav za predviđanje akustične detektabilnosti) čija se procjena širenja buke temelji na GIS-u (Geografski informacijski sustav). Istraživanje je provedeno u poplavnoj šumi Karacabey na području grada Bursa u Turskoj. Rezultati su pokazali da je prosječna razina buke motorne pile iznad granice opasnosti (90 dBA), što uzrokuje pojačane fiziološke reakcije i glavobolju radnika. Prema karti širenja buke, izloženost zaposlenika buci prešla je granicu upozorenja (85 dBA), a maksimalna razina buke tijekom rada iznosila je 95,96 dBA. U nekim dijelovima istraživanog područja razina buke iznosila je 45 dBA ili više, što je uzrokovalo negativan utjecaj na vrste ptica. Može se zaključiti da se karte buke mogu učinkovito koristiti za određivanje širenja buke koju stvara motorna pila i procjenu učinaka buke na operatere, kao i na vrste ptica u okruženju

Opinions Of al-Zamakhshari Against the sects on the subject of prayers in his Tafsir Al-Kashshaaf

MakaleArap dili ve belağatının zirve ismi olan ez-Zemahşerî(ö. 538/1144), hem Doğu’da hem Batı’da özellikle tefsir alanında meşhur olmuş bir âlimdir. Ancak onun fakihlik yönü arka planda kalmış ve onun bu özelliğini inceleyen çalışmalara çok az rastlanmaktadır. Mutezilî bir âlim olarak da bilinen Zemahşerî, dirayet tefsiri alanında en iyi örneklerinden biri olarak kabul edilen “Keşşâf Tefsîri”nde inançla ilgili ayetleri, mensup olduğu itikadî ekolün prensiplerine göre yorumlarken, ahkâma dair ayetleri ise mezhep taassubu gütmeden ve Arapça kaidelerinin yardımıyla detaylı fıkhî izahlar yapar. Çünkü o, ayetteki hükümleri sadece mensubu olduğu Hanefî mezhebi esaslı ele almaz aynı zamanda diğer mezhep imamlarının görüşlerine de yer verir. Nitekim Mezhepler üstü/non-confessional bir yaklaşımla gerek mezhep imamları, gerekse sahabe, tâbiîn ya da tebe-i tabiûn âlimlerinin görüşlerine başvurarak rivayet metodunu kullanır. Bununla birlikte bizzat kendisi de hüküm istinbatında bulunur ve şahsî izahlarını kendisine has “فإن قلت/قلت ” "...dersen-derim ki" üslubuyla açıklar ve görüşlerini lügat, sarf, nahiv ve belağat gibi Arap dili unsurlarına ya da Câhiliye şiirlerine dayandırdığı dirayet metodunu kullanarak ifade eder. Her ne kadar Keşşâf tefsiri, kısmen i’tizâlî görüşler içermesi nedeniyle özellikle sünnî kesim tarafından itirazedilmiş ise de onun fıkhî açıklamaları, Razî, Beydâvî, Nesefî, Ebu’s-Suûd ve Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır gibi kendisinden sonra gelen birçok müfessir’in eserlerine kaynaklık etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Zemahşerî'nin hayatı ve ahkâm ayetlerini yorumlama metodu hakkında kısa bilgi verildikten sonra onun ibadetler konusunda mezheplere muhalif olarak kendi dirayetiyle elde ettiği bazı örnekler sunulmaya gayret edilecektir.Abūal-Qāsım Maḥmūd b. ʽUmar al-Zamakhsharī(d. 538/1144), the peak name of Arabic language and eloquence, became famous both in the East and in the West, especially in the field of exegesis, but his jurisprudential (fiqh) perspective remained in the background and no studies were conducted to reveal its characteristics. Al-Zamakhshari, also known as a Muʽtazilī scholar, interprets the verses according to the basic principles of the creed in al-Kashshaaf, which is accepted as one of the best examples in the field of dirayat at-tafsir; however, he makes detailed fiqh explanations on the verses of the ahkām without any sectarian commitment. Because, he does not deal with the provisions of the verse solely on the basis of the Hanafī sect, al-Zamakhshari also includes the views of other sect imams. As a matter of fact, he employs the narrative method with a non-confessional approach by referring to the opinions of both sect imams and aṣ-ṣaḥabah, Tabi‘in or tabi‘ al-tabi‘īn. Moreover, he also produces judgment and explores his personal explanations in his unique style of “فإن قلت / قلت” "if you say-I say". He expresses his views by utilizing the dirayah method which he bases on ancient-Arabic poems or Arabic language elements such as vocabulary, grammar, syntax and rhetoric. In addition, although the exegesis of Al-Kashshaaf has been excommunicated especially by the Sunnī scholars due to involving i’tizālī ideas, his jurisprudential explanations have been a source of books of many successors such al-Rāzī, al-Bayḍāwī, al-Nasafī, Abū al-Suʿūd and Elmalili Hamdi Yazır. In this article, after giving brief information about al-Zamakhsharī's life and method of interpreting the rule verses, it will be tried to present some examples of his worship, which he obtained as opposed to sects

KEŞAN – ENEZ ARASINDAKİ ZEOLİT İÇEREN BİRİMLERİN MİNERALOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

The Study area is located in Trace Basin. There is a sequence starting from Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary units. The sequences seem to show two seperate successions located in the three different locations [1-Enez –Hisarlı, 2- Keşan and its sotheast (Kızkapanı Village and its surrounding) and 3- Northern regions of Keşan]. In the whole areas, from bottom to top, Upper Cretaceous Yeniköy Mixture, Eocene Soğucak and Yenimuhacir Formations, Oligocene Danişmen formation and Hisarlıdağ Volcanics, Miocene Ergene group Quaternary units exhibit outcrops. These units of the studied area have been taken into considerations with their different properties. In this study, detail examinations of zeolite minerals were realized and systematical as well as localized samples were collected from volcanic, clastic and lacustrine units, which are considered to contain zeolite group minerals in the region, by using GPS. On these samples, orderly optical microscopy (OM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy and connected with it, Energy Dispersive Spectrometric (SEM+EDS) examinations and analysis were conducted.. These analyses were performed on 53 samples and zeolites were not found in some of the samples. The minerals are mordenite, analcime, dachiardite, natrolite, heulandite and clinoptilolite. The accessory minerals in the samples as general, are quartz, calcite, feldspar, smectite group, chlorite group, kaolinite group, mica (muscovite and biotite), tridymite, cristobalite, dolomite minerals and amorphous material.İnceleme sahası Trakya Havzasında yer alır. Çalışılan 3 ayrı yörede (1- Enez-Hisarlı, 2- Keşan Güneybatı (Kızkapanı Köyü ve Çevresi) ve 3- Keşan Kuzey Bölgeleri) iki farklı istif sözkonusudur. Tüm bölgeler genelinde, alttan üste doğru; Üst Kretase - Yeniköy Karışığı, Eosen - Soğucak ve Yenimuhacir formasyonları, Oligosen - Danışmen formasyonu ve Hisarlıdağ Volkanitleri, Miyosen - Ergene grubu ve Kuvaterner istif yüzlek verir. Çalışma alanındaki bu birimler önceki çalışmalarda çok farklı yönleriyle incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, zeolit mineralleri açısından detay incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve bölgede zeolit grubu mineraller içerdiği düşünülen ve önceki çalışmalarda zeolit varlığından bahsedilen volkanik, kırıntılı ve gölsel birimlerden GPS yardımıyla sistematik ve noktasal örnekler derlenmiştir. Bu örnekler üzerinde, sırasıyla; optik mikroskop (OM), X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD), X-ışınları floresan spektrometresi (XRF), taramalı elektron mikroskop ve buna bağlı enerji dispersif spektrometrik (SEM+EDS) inceleme ve analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar 53 örnek üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş ve bazı örneklerde zeolit minerallerine rastlanmıştır. Bu mineraller; mordenit, analsim, dahiyardit, natrolit, höylandit ve klinoptilolit’tir. Örnekler genelinde zeolitlere eşlik eden diğer bileşenler; kuvars, kalsit, feldispat, simektit grubu, klorit grubu, kaolen grubu, mika (muskovit+biyotit), tridimit, kristobalit, dolomit mineralleri ile amorf maddedir

Pseudointradural/intraradicular disc herniation: a case report and review of the literature.

Intraradiküler disk herniasyonu, intradural disk herniasyonunun özel bir alt tipidir. Intradural disklerin oluşum etyolojisine yönelik birçok teori öne sürülse de bu patolojik durumun olusum patofizyolojisi tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Bu patolojik durum dural anatomi temelinde sınıflandırılarak tip A ve tip B olmak üzere 2 alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Intradural intraradiküler disklerin tanımlanmasında preoperatif dönemde bir spesifik yöntem veya görüntüleme bulgusu yoktur. Bu nedenle bu hastaların çoğuna intraoperatif olarak tanı konulmaktadır ve hatta başarısız bel cerrahi sonrası ikinci operasyonda tanı almaktadır. Bu vaka sunumunda 54 yasında, sol siyatalji kliniğiyle başvuran ve yapılan preoperatif görüntüleme tetkiklerinde spesifik bir bulgu saptanmayan bir bayan hastanın klinik ve radyolojisi sunularak literatür tekrar gözden geçirildi.Intraradicular disc herniation is a special subtype of intradural disc herniation. Although many theories has been suggested about the formation of intradural discs, the pathophysiology of this pathological state hasn't been explained exactly yet. This state has been classified on the basis of dural anatomy and separated into two subgroups as typeAand B. There is no spesific technique or neuroradiological picture of diagnosing intradural intraradicular disc herniation in the preoperative process. Because of this, the patients are mostly diagnosed intraoperatively and they are even diagnosed in next operations after failed back surgery. In this case report we presented the clinical and radiologic features of a 54 year old female patient with the applying symptom of left sciatalgia and with no spesific findings in her preoperative imaging studies and the literature has been reviewed

A meta-heuristic applying for the transportation of wood raw material

Ülkemiz ormancılığında asli ürün, odun hammaddesidir. Dolayısıyla bu ana ürünün kalite ve miktar kaybına uğramadan depolara ve oradan da tüketiciye ulaştırılması için bir işlem organizasyonu gerekmektedir. Bu organizasyon meşcerede, kesim anından başlayıp yol kenarı depolarına ya da rampalara oradan da ana depolara ve hatta fabrikalara kadar devam eder. Oldukça karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olan bu problemin çözümünde, taşımada en uygun güzergâhın araştırılmasını amaçlayan bilgisayar destekli modeller kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, odun hammaddesi taşımasının önemi ve ülkemizdeki durumu, odun hammaddesi taşımasının sınıflandırılması, bilgisayar destekli sezgisel ve meta-sezgisel yöntemler ve bu yöntemlerin odun hammaddesi taşımasında kullanım olanakları üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.Primary products in Turkish forestry are wood material. Thus, an operational organization is necessary to transport these main products to depots and then to the consumers without quality and volume loss. This organization starts from harvesting area in the stand and continues to roadside depots or ramps and to main depots and even to manufactures from there. The computer-assisted models, which aim to examine the optimum path in transportation, can be utilized in solving this quite complex problem. In this study, an evaluation has been performed in importance and current status of transporting wood material, classification of wood transportation, computer-assisted heuristic and meta-heuristic methods, and possibilities of using these methods in transportation of wood materials

Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and nitric oxide levels in patients with migraine

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been found as correlated with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. There are few studies regarding ADMA and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with migraine and alterations of ADMA and NO levels during migraine attack are not well-known. Therefore, in present study, we aimed to measure NO and ADMA levels in patients with migraine and compare them with the control group to investigate the correlation between migraine, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. The migraine group consisted of 59 patients, including 22 suffering from migraine with aura and 37 suffering from migraine without aura. The control group consisted of 31 healthy volunteers without headache. The patients in migraine group were divided into subgroups based on whether attack period was present or not and whether it was migraine with or without aura. Plasma ADMA levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Migraine patients had higher concentrations of NO (35.6 ± 7.7, 31.0 ± 6.2 μmol/L, respectively, p = 0.005) and ADMA (0.409 ± 0.028, 0.381 ± 0.044 μmol/L, respectively, p = 0.001) levels when compared with the healthy controls. During migraine attack, NO and ADMA levels were found to be significantly higher in migraine group as compared to control group (respectively, p = 0.015, p = 0.014). Similarly, NO and ADMA levels in the patients with migraine in the interictal period were found to be significantly higher as compared to control group (p = 0.011, p = 0.003). In conclusion, higher ADMA and NO levels of patients with migraine supported that oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction may have a role in migraine pathogenesis

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as possible anticancer agents

The synthesis of new N-(5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-[(5-(substituted amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamide derivatives and investigation of their anticancer activities were the aims of this work. All the new compounds’ structures were elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectral data. Anticancer activity studies of the compounds were evaluated against MCF-7 and A549 tumor cell lines. In addition, with the purpose of determining the selectivity of cytotoxic activities, the most active compound was screened against a healthy NIH3T3 cell line (mouse embryonic fibroblast cells). Among the tested compounds, compound 4y (N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-((5-(p-tolylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide), showed promising cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cancer cell with an IC50 value of 0.084 ± 0.020 mmol L–1 and against A549 cancer cell with IC50 value of 0.034 ± 0.008 mmol L–1, compared with cisplatin. The aromatase inhibitory activity was evaluated for compound 4y on MCF-7 cell line showing promising activity with IC50 of 0.062 ± 0.004 mmol L–1

Small intestinal obstruction due to phytobezoar: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Patients with mechanical small-bowel obstructions usually present with abdominal pain, vomiting, absolute constipation and varying degrees of abdominal distention. Causes can be classified as benign or malignant, or as extra- or intraluminal. A bezoar occurs most commonly in patients with impaired gastrointestinal motility. In edentulous older patients with abnormal food habits, it can also be an intestinal concretion that fails to pass along the alimentary canal.</p> <p>Small bowel phytobezoars are rare and almost always obstructive. In a normal stomach, vegetable fibres that cannot pass through the pylorus undergo hydrolysis within the stomach, which softens them enough to go through the small bowel.</p> <p>We present an unusual case of small intestinal obstruction caused by a phytobezoar in a patient who had neither a history of gastric surgery nor of intestinal pathology.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 70-year-old Iraqi Kurdish man was hospitalized due to abdominal pain, vomiting and dehydration. Investigations concluded small intestinal obstruction. Subsequent laparotomy revealed that the cause of the obstruction was an eggplant phytobezoar.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Many types of bezoar can be removed endoscopically, but some will require operative intervention. Subsequently, prevention of any recurrence should be emphasized.</p