Handover evaluation of UMTS-WiMAX networks

Recently, data traffic movement through a wireless channel is assisted by suggesting and implementing many mechanisms, to achieve the speedy increasing importunity and popularity of the wireless networks. Various wireless technologies can be copulated to develop a heterogeneous network, which is a candidate towards (4G) networks. OPNET modeler (14.5) is used to design simulation modules of the heterogeneous network. During device connection between the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) networks, Performance metrics such as; Jitter end-to-end delay (E-2-E) Throughput is used. The results of the simulation are measured to determine the efficiency of the transfer using WiMAX-UMTS according to the selected metrics. The WiMAX-UMTS has shown valuable improvement in Process Durability, reduction of E-2-E delay, and Jitter. The maximum amount of data transfer and the least amount of delay and Jitter is at 250 sec. Because of the handover operations and data transfer momentum, the worst-case passes in the network when 618 sec is the minimum amount. The efficiency of throughput for WiMAX equal to 0.092666% as for the efficiency of throughput for UMTS equal to 4.633333*10-6 % whereas the E-2-E efficiency a delay equal to 0.5466%

Analysis of the hydraulic interference between the baffles and the composite hydraulic structure

The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence of baffles presence at downstream system on weir gate hydraulic response. Two baffles configuration (triangle and angle shapes) are installed in bed flume. Two different spacing are used between the baffles and two different directions for baffles are also adopted. The study tries to investigate the variation in upstream Froude number, downstream Froude number, Reynolds number, actual discharge, discharge coefficient, downstream average water depth and the hydraulic system efficiency which is expressed as function of downstream water depth. It has been shown that the number of baffles has a direct and significant impact on flow hydraulic characteristics of weir-gate structure regardless of the spacing between baffles and the direction of baffles related to flow. Baffles number and spacing have essential impact on the water flow velocity of system and this impact leads to increase the flow resistance. The results clarify that the upstream Froude number, downstream Froude number, Reynolds number, actual discharge and discharge coefficient are decreased with the increase in baffles number except the average downstream water depth which increases with increase in baffles number. The efficiency of hydraulic system gives a good indicator for using baffles with weir-gate structure. At the end this paper shows a fruitful result of efficiency. This experiment run condense on the baffle’s numbers and directions with respect to the water flow direction at the downstream regime. So, the rises in the water level relies on the numbers and directions of the baffles as compare to the case without using baffles at the flume downstream region. The actual discharge and weir-gate discharge coefficient are more sensitive to the increase in the baffles’ numbers and the baffles direction with respect to the water flow directio

An Investigating of the Impact of Bed Flume Discordance on the Weir-Gate Hydraulic Structure

Discordance and concordance play a significant role in the hydraulic response for the flume, open channel, hydraulic structure, and flow field measurement. Bed discordance and bed concordance are regarded as common problems in open channels. Discordance is the dominant one, which could have an effect on the hydraulic structure that is constructed inside the channel. This paper deals with the impact of bed flume discordance on hydraulic flow characteristics at the weir-gate downstream hydraulic regime. Four configurations with different lengths and heights of the bed flume discordance are adopted here to investigate the impact of these configurations on the hydraulic characteristics. In addition, one configuration of the bed flume concordance is adopted to compare with the other four configurations. At downstream, the average water depth becomes dimensionless by dividing by upstream water depth, vertical distance between weir and gate, length of downstream, length of concordance, and length of discordance in order to evaluate the inequality in the distribution of Froude number. On one hand, certain results appear strongly between Reynolds number and Froude number at downstream, actual discharge and flow velocity at downstream, flow area past the gate and Froude number at downstream. On the other hand, there was a complex dramatic relation between the weir-gate discharge coefficient and Froude number at downstream. Overall, the study shows that there is a good relationship between specific energy, water depth, and flow speed. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-03-09 Full Text: PD

Structural and electronic investigations into subnanometre metallic clusters

This thesis presents computational studies of the geometric and electronic structures and energetic properties of homo- and heterometallic subnanometre clusters (SNCs). The first two chapters give an introductory overview of nanoparticles and the basics of the sophisticated search algorithms, Genetic Algorithms (GAs), as applied to clusters, and outline a general introduction to the computational methodologies applied in this work, the coupling of the recently developed combination of GAs with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. This is followed by four results chapters, in which these computational methods are adapted to several SNC systems to elucidate their applicability in catalysis. Six publications are documented in the results chapters. Gold-palladium SNCs, which are promising catalysts for a wide variety of chemical reactions, are studied extensively in chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 considers the evolution of structural motifs as a function of size and composition for neutral Au-Pd clusters in the gas-phase and supported on a MgO(100) surface. Quantum-regime effects are observed and energetics are further studied. In chapter 4, a rigorous approach is presented to explore structure and stability of mono-cationic Pd-doped Au clusters and their reactivity with CO gas. The Birmingham Parallel Genetic Algorithm BPGA-DFT approach is combined with experimental techniques, including mass spectrometry, and infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy. This study gives unique insights into Pd dopant effects on cluster stability, as measured by their photo-fragmentation properties, and on their CO adsorption properties. Computational investigations into AuCu SNCs, using the Mexican Enhanced Genetic Algorithm MEGA-DFT code to rationalize the efficient catalytic properties, are presented in chapter 5. Free clusters and those supported on a MgO(100) surface are compared in this approach. The interactions with the support are extensively probed in order to better understand their role in catalysis at the atomistic level. Chapter 6 is dedicated to the structural characterisation, which is vital first step in order to understanding catalytic activity, of Ru-Pt clusters, which are electrode catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells. Ru@Pt core-shell chemical ordering is predicted. Finally, overall conclusions and outlook are presented in chapter 7

Experimental Study of Hydraulic Response for Combined Weir-Gate Flow of Composite Shape

Composite hydraulic structures play a vital role in controlling the flow in the irrigation system because of the interaction between over flow velocity from weir and under flow velocity from gate and this interaction will reflect on hydraulic response of structure. In the present work, numerous experiments were carried out in the laboratory of hydraulic engineering considering many variables that have direct contact in flow interaction and these variables are divided into two parts: the first is non-dimensional variable such as coefficient of discharge, Reynolds number and Froude number. The second is dimensional variable flow-rate and water depth above weir. These variables are considered for both upstream and downstream of the flume respectively and for different tested models of composite device. This study reviews that the flow velocity and the flow depth of water above the weir have major effect on hydraulic response in upstream and downstream of the flume respectively. The hydraulic response express in term of non-dimensional variable and dimensional variable. Keywords: Composite hydraulic structure, Composite device, Froude number, Reynolds numbe

Experimental Study of Coupled Parabolic Weir over Flow and Gate under Flow Rate

A combined flow through composite hydraulic structure or device represents a very important problem as a result of the interaction between over flow rate and under flow rate. In the present study, many experiments were implemented in the hydraulic laboratory considering several variables such as hydraulic variables and geometrical variables to investigate the overlapping between weir and gate having a parabolic shape. It is found that the weir and gate cross sectional area of flow have significant effect on coefficient of discharge of combined hydraulic structure. It is also very necessary to take the effect of geometrical parameter and the parameter expressed in this study in terms of ratio (y/H). This ratio has a primary effect on discharge coefficient. This study indicates that the overlapping between flow velocity of weir and gate respectively is central to value of discharge coefficient. This study mentions the effect of viscosity on coefficient of discharge in terms of Reynold number. Also, this study proves that the parabolic shape more efficiency as compare with regular shape. Keyword: Parabolic weir, Parabolic gate, Composite hydraulic structure, Flume

Baud rate variations effect on virtual channel based on PIC microcontroller

Recent year in the world the real applications, usually needed only a few key features of Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART). It is a type of serial communication protocol, which improves the problem of parallel communication and develops effectively in several services. This paper presents a transceiver system based on PIC microcontroller. It also presents software designs to transmit and receive data through the virtual channel. The system is designed to study the effects of baud rate variations between transmitter and receiver for noise and noiseless AWGN channel. The system has been simulated by Proteus simulator version 8.1, and then tested successfully at baud rates (2400, 4800, 9600, and 19200) bps. Simulation results show that the error rate has zero values at the desired baud rate value, and also, at the adjacent values. Thus, the zero level of error rate is increased by increasing baud rate values, which fixed by the transmitter and vice versa

Identification and Characterization of a Bacteriophage with Lytic Activity against Multidrug Resistant E. coli

Escherichia coli strains are increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics and emerging globally. Bacteriophage is re-explored for the development of an alternative and safe agent to control a bacterial infection, especially with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Here, we reported the identification of AAA1 phage from a sewage site near Baghdad’s Medical City. Morphological analysis using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) suggested that the AAA1 phage had an icosahedral head of width ~ 70 nm and a non-contractile tail of ~ 400 nm belonging to the Siphoviridae family from the Caudovirales order. The plaque observation showed that plaques size and shape differ after prolonged incubation. The optimal multiplicity of infection was 0.1. The one-step growth curve was assessed and the result showed that AAA1 latent period was 10 minutes; burst size was 93PFU/cell and the burst period of 30 minutes. Based on characteristics, AAA1 phage is a potential candidate to control MDR E. coli infection

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL AERATED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH IRON LATHING WASTE

Currently, the industry of construction requires finding efficient materials to increase the durability and strength as well as decreasing the concrete structure’s total weight. Therefore, an effort was made in this study for examining the impact of adding waste materials such as the iron lathing waste fibers. Iron lathe wastes have been deformed into twisted strips with a width of (4mm) and sieving size of (4.75-10) mm. The experimental investigation has been achieved with the use of four mixes related to light-weight concretes, involving different volumetric ratios of the iron lathing waste fibers as (0%, 1 %, 1.5 %, and 2 %). With the increase in the volume fraction of the lathing waste fibers from 0% to 2%, the results showed that there were a significant increase and improvement in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural tensile strength, static modulus of elasticity, and dynamic modulus of elasticity by 12%, 67.5%, 134%, 27%, and 26% respectively. This indicates that the iron waste fibers have an important impact in enhancing the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete through the structural change in the concrete matrix