Oralne manifestacije u pedijatrijskih bolesnika zaraženih virusom humane imunodefi cijencije na antiretrovirusnoj terapiji i bez nje: presječno istraživanje

The aim of the study was to assess and compare oral manifestations of human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infected pediatric patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) and those not undergoing ART. A cross sectional study included HIV positive children (receiving and not receiving ART) aged 5-15 years, registered at the District Hospital ART Centre, Udaipur, and HIV negative schoolchildren. HIV related oral lesions were diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria. Sociodemographic and other related information were also recorded. CD4+ cell count was determined in all study subjects. The χ2 -test, stepwise multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used on statistical analysis. In all tests, confi dence interval and p-value were set at 95% and ≤0.05, respectively. A greater proportion of HIV patients receiving treatment had CD4+ cell count of more than 750 cells/mm3 . The majority of HIV patients receiving ART for more than three years and only 20% of those not receiving ART were free from any oral lesions. The results of the present study demonstrated ART to be eff ective in reducing the prevalence of HIV related oral lesions, as already described in the literature; however, unlike previous studies, the present paper reports more valid fi ndings for having included most of the confounding variablesCilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti oralne manifestacije u pedijatrijskih bolesnika zaraženih virusom humane imunodefi - cijencije (HIV) koji primaju antiretrovirusnu terapiju (ART) i onih koji ne primaju ovu terapiju. Ovo presječno istraživanje uključilo je HIV pozitivnu djecu (djecu koja primaju ART i djecu koja ne primaju ART) u dobi od 5-15 godina, registriranu pri Centru za ART u Pokrajinskoj bolnici u Udaipuru te HIV negativnu školsku djecu. Oralne promjene povezane s HIV-om dijagnosticirane su prema kriterijima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije. Prikupljeni su socio-demografski te ostali podaci za svu djecu uključenu u ispitivanje. U svih je određen broj CD4+ stanica. U statističkoj analizi primijenjen je χ2 -test te postupna višestruka linearna regresija i logistička regresija. U svim testovima interval vjerodostojnosti i vrijednost p utvrđeni su na razini od 95% odnosno ≤0,05. Broj CD4+ stanica veći od 750 stanica/mm3 zabilježen je u većem postotku HIV bolesnika na ART. Bez oralnih promjena bila je većina HIV bolesnika koji su primali ART duže od tri godine, ali samo 20% onih koji nisu primali ART. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja pokazuju da ART učinkovito snižava učestalost oralnih promjena povezanih s HIV-om, što je već prije opisano u literaturi. Međutim, za razliku od prijašnjih ispitivanja, nalazi prikazani u ovom radu imaju veću vrijednost, jer uključuju većinu čimbenika koji bi mogli utjecati na rezultate

Comparison of knowledge, attitude and concern about HIV/AIDS patients among dental students: A cross sectional survey

HIV/AIDS has taken a pandemic form affecting 40 million people around the world. The present study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and concerns of dental students towards HIV/AIDS infected individuals. A cross sectional study was conducted among 224 subjects, among them 112 final year (FY) students and 112 interns. Subjects were selected from 10 dental colleges in Bangalore city, India. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The mean knowledge score of FY students and interns was 73.66+5.9 and 80.4+7.2 respectively; the mean attitude score was 71.25+1.707 and 87.75+1.8 and the mean concern score was 92+2.645 and 97.75+3.171 respectively. Differences in the mean score were significant. Dental interns had slightly higher knowledge, attitude, and concern than the FY students. There is a need to add HIV/AIDS patient’s infection control measures in the dental curriculum.   Le VIH/SIDA a pris une forme pandémique touchant 40 millions de personnes dans le monde. La présente étude visait à déterminer les connaissances, l'attitude et les préoccupations des étudiants en médecine dentaire envers les personnes infectées par le VIH/SIDA. Une étude transversale a été menée auprès de 224 sujets, dont 112 étudiants de dernière année (FY) et 112 stagiaires. Les sujets ont été sélectionnés dans 10 collèges dentaires de la ville de Bangalore, en Inde. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'un questionnaire auto-administré. Le score de connaissance moyen des étudiants et des stagiaires FY était respectivement de 73,66+5,9 et 80,4+7,2 ; le score moyen d'attitude était de 71,25+1,707 et 87,75+1,8 et le score moyen de préoccupation était respectivement de 92+2,645 et 97,75+3,171. Les différences dans le score moyen étaient significatives. Les stagiaires dentaires avaient des connaissances, une attitude et des préoccupations légèrement plus élevées que les étudiants de l'AF. Il est nécessaire d'ajouter les mesures de contrôle de l'infection des patients atteints du VIH/SIDA dans le programme d'études dentaires

Photoactivated disinfection (PAD) of dental root canal system – An ex-vivo study

AbstractAimTo investigate the efficacy of photo activated disinfection (PAD) in reducing colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected dental root canals. The study compared the efficacy of PAD with conventional endodontic treatment (CET) and also a combination of CET along with PAD.Material and Methods53 maxillary incisors were taken for the study. Teeth were divided into 3 groups, CET (Group I) (n=11), PAD (Group II) (n=21), and a combination of CET and PAD (Group III) which consisted of (n=21) samples, Group II and Group III were further divided into 2 subgroups, Group IIa, IIb and Group IIIa, IIIb. Strains of E. faecalis were inoculated in all the root canals. CET group samples were treated by chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) alone, PAD samples were treated with laser alone at 2 different exposure time (4min and 2min). In the combination treatment, samples were treated initially by CET and then by PAD for a time period of 4min and 2min. Contents of the root canal were aspirated, diluted and plated in Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB) and plates were incubated for 24h to observe the bacterial regrowth.ResultsShowed PAD used along with CMP reduced the bacterial load of E. faecalis by 99.5% at 4min and 98.89% at 2min.ConclusionPAD may be an adjunctive procedure to kill residual bacteria in the dental root canal systems after standard endodontic root canal preparation

Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the oral cavity of patients with dental caries

Oral streptococci are the major group of microbes isolated from oral microflora. They represent frequent pathogens of infective endocarditis (IE), and it is assumed that in most of the cases oral streptococci are acquired via mucosa layer of oral cavity. Staphylococcus aureus is also frequently isolated from IE as it accounts for 20%–30% of all cases. Vancomycin has been the most reliable therapeutic agent against infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The main objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of S. aureus species in dental caries specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. aureus to four antibiotics namely vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and daptomycin was performed. Detection of vancomycin resistance was conducted using polymerase chain reaction. Among the tested 150 strains, 98 were MRSA and of that 54 were vancomycin sensitive and 27 were resistant. All 98 MRSA strains were positive for mecA and 36 yielded pvl, whereas 13 carried vanA and only 2 were positive for vanB. Majority of the isolates showed sensitivity toward daptomycin and linezolid. Strains of S. aureus exhibiting decreased susceptibility to different antibiotics like vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid severely compromise the therapeutic alternatives and require a considerable amount of time, public awareness, and integrative health-care strategies to prevent the emergence of resistance to these compounds

Preliminary fabrication and characterization of electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V customized dental implant

The current study was aimed to fabricate customized root form dental implant using additive manufacturing technique for the replacement of missing teeth. The root form dental implant was designed using GeomagicTM and MagicsTM, the designed implant was directly manufactured by layering technique using ARCAM A2TM electron beam melting system by employing medical grade Ti–6Al–4V alloy powder. Furthermore, the fabricated implant was characterized in terms of certain clinically important parameters such as surface microstructure, surface topography, chemical purity and internal porosity. Results confirmed that, fabrication of customized dental implants using additive rapid manufacturing technology offers an attractive method to produce extremely pure form of customized titanium dental implants, the rough and porous surface texture obtained is expected to provide better initial implant stabilization and superior osseointegration

Infection control practice in private dental laboratories in Riyadh

BACKGROUND: In view of the risk of infection of dental health care workers and patients, interruption of possible chains of infection is to be demanded. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess infection control practice in private dental laboratories in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: The study was conducted on thirty two private dental laboratories in Riyadh City regarding infection control practiced by these laboratories. The instrument of the study consisted of ten open-ended questions that were asked from the laboratories directors. RESULTS: A large percentage of the surveyed laboratories (87.5 %) did not implement any infection control protocol during their practice. The mean number of impressions received per week was 16. Most of the surveyed laboratories (90.6 %) had no way of communication with the clinics regarding the disinfection procedures. The results indicated that 62.5 % of the laboratories reported that they were aware that they may get infection from non-disinfected items. Only a small percentage (6.2%) of the laboratories added disinfecting agent to pumice slurry. Wearing laboratory coats was reported by 75% of the laboratory workers. The use of gloves during work was reported by 59.3% of the laboratories while 56.2% reported the use protective eyewear. Only 21.8% of the laboratories use face masks during work. CONCLUSIONS: Construction of infection control manuals that contain updated and recommended guidelines to ensure aseptic practice in private dental laboratories is highly recommended. Also, a way of communication between dentists and dental technicians regarding disinfection of laboratory items should be strongly encouraged

The effect of different light curing systems on the bond strength of

High-intensity chair-side curing units have recently become commercially available. Among these new units, plasma-arc lights (PAC) and light emitting diodes (LEDs), with an energy peak at wavelengths between 460 and 480 nm are expected to allow efficient polymerization of most types of composite resin in a shorter time compared to commonly use conventional quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) lights. The success of ceramic veneer is greatly determined by the strength and durability of the bond between the three different components of the bonded veneers which are the tooth surface, the luting resin, and the ceramic veneer. The resin cement combination was exposed to three different photo polymerization units. The bond strength of the light-cured resin was evaluated by shear tests and SEM observations of the fracture surfaces. Statistically significant differences were found between the bond strength of veneers exposed to LED or conventional lights and PAC unit (P < 0-001). There was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength values between the halogen and LED lights regardless the shade or the thickness of the ceramic veneers. It was found that plasma-arc curing for 6 s was not sufficient to obtain bond strengths similar to those of specimens polymerized with LED or halogen light for 40 s, whereas the plasma-arc was not sufficient to achieve similar failure patterns for darker-shade porcelain of 2 mm thickness. The bond strength achieved by LED or halogen lights was found to be relatively unaffected by the shade or translucency of the ceramic veneers

PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES AMONG FEMALE PATIENTS

Dental Caries is the most common global disease among children and adolescence. It has been reported that dental caries is highly prevalent among pre-school and school children in Saudi Arabia. Although, many developed countries have shown a decrease in prevalence of caries over past decades with some exceptions (1), yet developing countries have experienced an increasing incidence during this period. Very few studies are available on caries prevalence among female adults, though some studies were carried out in female intermediate school children in Saudi Arabia. In a study in central province of Saudi Arabia among intermediate female students in two regions; DMFT was 4.47 (SD 3.35) among female in Riyadh and 4.03 (SD 3.08) in Qaseem region. Two Indian studies concluded that caries prevalence was higher among females in different age groups as compared to males. Another study showed no significance difference in overall caries prevalence between males and females. However a Saudi study in 2006 concluded that male students aged 12-14 had a significantly higher mean DMFT value (7.20 SD: 3.89) than female students (4.66 SD: 4.59

Parents and guardians perceptions of primary school students accessibility to dental health services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

The success of healthcare delivery systems depends on accessibility. This study aimed to assess parental and guardian perceptions of dental health service accessibility among primary school students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among the parents and guardians of primary school students. A 23-item questionnaire was developed on the basis of previous studies. Demographic information, accessibility details, and barriers to dental services were recorded. A total of 385 participants responded to the questionnaire. Approximately 46.2 % of students encountered barriers to accessing dental services. Eighty (20.8 %) male students visited dental facilities more often than female students (72 [18.7 %]) within a 6-month period. Approximately 21 % of students had never visited a dental facility. The lowest number of preventive treatments were administered (15.4 %). Parents and guardians reported that private dental facilities were more accessible (185 [48 %]) than government dental facilities. There was an association between dental facilities and difficulties in accessing dental care services (χ2(4) = 42.753; p < 0.001). In conclusion, parents and guardians reported experiencing difficulties accessing dental services. However, parents and guardians must change their perspectives on accessibility, particularly for preventative care, because primary school children received the lowest

Oxidized Natural Biopolymer for Enhanced Surface, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glass Ionomer Luting Cement

This laboratory investigation aimed to synthesize and characterize micron-sized Gum Arabic (GA) powder and incorporate it in commercially available GIC luting formulation for enhanced physical and mechanical properties of GIC composite. Oxidation of GA was performed and GA-reinforced GIC in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 & 8.0 wt.% formulations were prepared in disc-shaped using two commercially available GIC luting materials (Medicem and Ketac Cem Radiopaque). While the control groups of both materials were prepared as such. The effect of reinforcement was evaluated in terms of nano hardness, elastic modulus, diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS), water solubility and sorption. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used to analyze data for statistical significance (p < 0.05). FTIR spectrum confirmed the formation of acid groups in the backbone of polysaccharide chain of GA while XRD peaks confirmed that crystallinity of oxidized GA. The experimental group with 0.5 wt.% GA in GIC enhanced the nano hardness while 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% GA in GIC increased the elastic modulus compared to the control. The CS of 0.5 wt.% GA in GIC and DTS of 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% GA in GIC demonstrated elevation. In contrast, the water solubility and sorption of all the experimental groups increased compared to the control groups. The incorporation of lower weight ratios of oxidized GA powder in GIC formulation helps in enhancing the mechanical properties with a slight increase in water solubility and sorption parameters. The addition of micron-sized oxidized GA in GIC formulation is promising and needs further research for improved performance of GIC luting composition