Comparison of performance and emission characteristics between ceramic and metallic catalytic converter

Catalytic converters have been widely used on vehicles and have already been proved for many years to be the most effective technical solution to reduce exhaust emissions from gasoline engines where ceramic and metallic catalytic converters are the most common types of catalytic converter used. This study focuses to examine the performance of ceramic and metallic catalytic converters through simulation and experimental in terms of flow distribution and pollutant gases conversion. ANSYS Fluent 16.2 has been used for the simulation process and Mitsubishi 4G93 1800cc gasoline engine with difference speed and 25% constant load were used for the emission measurement using Kane Auto 5-1 series exhaust gas analyser. Simulation process has been conducted to measure pressure, velocity and temperature distribution through the ceramic and metallic catalytic converter and for the experimental process, the performances and pollutant gases conversion were recorded to compare both type of catalytic converters. Based on the simulation results, ceramic honeycomb catalytic converter shows higher pressure distribution 181.1 Pa on the inlet region compares to metallic sinusoidal. On the other hands, metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter has better velocity distribution of 14.3 ms- 1and temperature distribution of 1100 Kat the inlet region. Through the experimental results, metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter performs a better reduction of CO compares to ceramic honeycomb catalytic convetier while ceramic honeycomb performs better reduction than metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter for HC and NOx conversion. It can be concluded that metallic corrugated catalytic converter has performs better flow distribution through the substrates while ceramic converters reduce a higher percentage of CO and NOx pollutant gases

The Economic Impact of a Possible Irrigation-Water Shortage in Odessa Sub-Basin of Adams and Lincoln Counties

The Columbia Basin Project (CBP) was one of the single largest projects undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation. The venture, which started in the 1930s in Central Washington, did not entirely turn out as expected. In fact, almost half of the proposed irrigable area, located mainly in the north eastern portion of the original plan, doesn’t have any water supply from the project for irrigation purposes. The Odessa Sub-area is one of those areas. The land in this area is fertile and produces very high quality potatoes. Over the last couple of decades, production in this Odessa sub-region has been possible primarily because of irrigation based on deep wells. However, the underground water is drawing down and crop production may shut down as a result. Therefore, an economic threat on the economy of the Columbia Basin is in the offing, unless alternative water sources are negotiated. In this paper, we will mainly explore the regional economic impacts of the possible production losses of crops produced in the Odessa Sub-area of Lincoln and Adams Counties. In Section A, we briefly discuss the current status of the Columbia Basin Project. In Section B, we discuss ground water level decline issues. In Section C, we enumerate the economic impacts of a possible reduction in crop production in Odessa Subregions of Adams and Lincoln Counties. Summary and conclusions are in the final section.Irrigation water shortage, Idessa sub-basin, Economic Impact,

On the metrizability of spaces with a sharp base

A base $\mathcal{B}$ for a space $X$ is said to be sharp if, whenever $x\in X$ and $(B_n)_{n\in\omega}$ is a sequence of pairwise distinct elements of $\mathcal{B}$ each containing $x$, the collection $\{\bigcap_{j\le n}B_j:n\in\omega\}$ is a local base at $x$. We answer questions raised by Alleche et al. and Arhangel$'$ski\u{\i} et al. by showing that a pseudocompact Tychonoff space with a sharp base need not be metrizable and that the product of a space with a sharp base and $[0,1]$ need not have a sharp base. We prove various metrization theorems and provide a characterization along the lines of Ponomarev's for point countable bases.Comment: 10 pages. Reprinted from Topology and its Applications, in press, Chris Good, Robin W. Knight and Abdul M. Mohamad, On the metrizability of spaces with a sharp bas

Determinants of participation in child’s education and alternative activities in Pakistan

Using data from Pakistan, this study analyzed the effect of various individual, household, and community level characteristics on the probability that children engage in different activities. According to the existing trend of their prevalence, we considered five child’s activities, namely: secular schooling; religious education; child labor; a combination of child labor and secular schooling; and inactivity (including leisure). Data was collected through field surveys conducted in over 40 villages in four Pakistani provinces: Balochistan, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Punjab, and Sind. A total of 963 households were interviewed on the activities of 2,496 children. Multinomial Probit model was used for the analyses. Results indicated that parental perception had significant relationship to the probability of engagement in secular school attendance, religious education, and child labor. In addition, we investigated the relationships between participation in the different child activities with location (rural/urban) and children’s gender. We detected a lower probability of attending secular school and a higher probability of engaging in child labor among female children in rural areas. We also found that even parents who openly expressed appreciation of the importance of secular schooling were more likely to send male children to school than female children.Child productivity, Child’s activities, Parental perception, Gender, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

Comparing the Economic Impact of an Export Shock in Two Modeling Frameworks

Because of more restrictive assumptions on regional input-output (IO) models compared to computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, the literature agrees IO results are intuitively consistent with long run equilibrium but otherwise overestimated. We compare the results of IO and CGE models from an exogenous export shock under various labor market constraints and capital closures. Consistent with the literature, we find the IO model's results do not match those of the CGE models. But contrary to conventional wisdom, the positive secondary impacts are larger with the CGE models than with the IO model. Furthermore, we find the closest match between direct effects is when the CGE model has short run restrictions. Our finding means that the common view of CGE model results being both lower in estimate and more accurate in the short run than IO models does not universally hold. Thus researchers’ choice of models and interpretation of results need to be more nuanced and cautious than previously thought.input-output, computable general equilibrium, economic impacts, exports

The Effect of Sexual Appeal Advertising to Advertising Effectiveness in Manado

Advertising is very crucial in marketing. They are literally everywhere in the newspapers, magazines, on TV, on billboards, in the cinema or while surfing the Internet. In marketing campaigns, many techniques and approaches to attract customers. One of those approaches is sexual appeal. Sexy advertising can attract attention, increase retention and improve advertising consumer attitudes toward advertising. Sexual appeals in the media as an advertising strategy to inform a product with the intention to take the attention of consumers. The main objective of this study is the effect of sexual appeal advertising to advertising effectiveness in Manado. Associative method is used by this study with technique analysis is multiple regression analysis. The populations of this study are all people in Manado who ever see sexual appeal advertising in media and as the sample are 100 people who live in Manado. The result of this study infer that sexual appeal advertising have impact to advertising effectiveness. This study suggests if want to use sexual appeal in advertising, must be in the right time and right place because Sexual Appeal in advertising is controversy issue. Keywords: sexual appeal, advertising effectiveness

Aplikasi Algoritma Genetik Untuk Optimasi Penjadwalan Kuliah (Studi Kasus di Program Studi Teknik Industri Undip)

ABSTRAK Penjadwalan kuliah pada suatu universitas adalah suatu pekerjaan menempatkan kegiatan perkuliahan kedalam ruangan dan waktu yang ada sedemikian rupa agar dapat meminimasi pelanggaran terhadap sejumlah batasan-batasan tertentu. Batasan-batasan yang harus dipenuhi oleh sebuah jadwal kuliah dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori: hard constraints dan soft constraints. Sebuah jadwal kuliah adalah feasibel jika dan hanya jika semua hard constraints dapat dipenuhi. Tujuan dari optimasi penjadwalan kuliah adalah untuk mencari jadwal kuliah yang tidak memiliki pelanggaran terhadap hard constraints dan sebisa mungkin memimimasi pelanggaran terhadap soft constraints. Permasalahan ini sangatlah kompleks karena melibatkan banyak batasan-batasan yang harus dipertimbangkan. Hard constraints meliputi konflik dari sumber daya yang ada (dosen, mahasiswa, ruangan) dan juga kapasitas ruangan yang tersedia. Permasalahan akan menjadi semakin rumit jika terdapat soft constraints seperti waktu mengajar yang dipilih oleh para dosen. Otomasi penjadwalan kuliah merupakan hal yang sangat penting karena dapat menghemat jam kerja dan memberikan solusi optimum dalam waktu yang singkat, yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, kualitas proses belajar mengajar, dan kualitas pelayanan. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan penjadwalan kuliah ini adalah pendekatan algoritma genetik. Algoritma genetik merupakan alat optimasi yang memodelkan prinsip evolusi. Algoritma genetik mampu menemukan solusi optimum secara global dalam ruang pencarian yang sangat kompleks. Dengan menggunakan sebuah populasi awal dari solusi yang dikodekan dan dipilih berdasarkan kualitasnya, lalu digunakan untuk membuat populasi baru dengan menggunakan proses kawin silang dan mutasi atas individu-individu awal. Fungsi evaluasi digunakan untuk menghitung hard constraints dan soft constraints yang dapat dipenuhi. Tugas akhir ini membahas penjadwalan kuliah yang terdapat pada Program Studi Teknik Industri Undip. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimasi penjadwalan kuliah dan memudahkan pekerjaan penjadwalan kuliah dengan membuat sebuah software penjadwalan kuliah. Software yang dibuat dirancang menggunakan algoritma genetik. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa software algoritma genetik telah dapat menghasilkan nilai fitness maksimum yang berarti semua batasan-batasan yang ada berhasil dipenuhi. Dengan demikian, jadwal kuliah yang dihasilkan merupakan solusi yang optimum