Capacity of local communities in pre and post disasters situation in coastal area of Pakistan

The present study attempted to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas of Pakistan that cashed in one's chips in the monsoon flood, 2010. This assessment helps to recognize the vulnerability of local people of coastal communities for planning better developmental work. The study conducted through field work in two districts “Thatta and Badin” of coastal area of Sindh Province of Pakistan. Multistage cluster sampling technique has used to select the sample size of 360 households from the area. Data was collected through well-structured questionnaire. Most of population in the study area is illiterate i.e. about 61% of population. This is not only due to lack of awareness and lack of passion to seek education, but, government also ignores these areas in the provision of educational facilities. Considering the disaster vulnerability of coastal areas, these health facilities are very few and it leads to make them more vulnerable towards various diseases caused by frequent disasters. Depending on the disaster vulnerability of the target area, disaster management arrangement had analyzed through the availability of emergency camp along with its distance from the villages. Vulnerability of coastal communities assessed using various indicators and in the end suggestions and recommendations put forward in the light of local vulnerability to have minimum loss in upcoming disasters.Disaster, Disaster Management, Vulnerability, Hazards, Global Warming, Rehabilitation, Awareness, Local Community

Three Dimensional MHD Simulationof Comet Hale-Bopp Tail

The interaction between comet Hale-Bopp tail with the solar wind is investigated in the present paper using magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulation, which accounts for the presence of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The simulation is based on three-dimensional Lax-Wendroff explicit scheme, providing second-order accuracy in space and time. The ions produced from the nucleus of the comet will add considerable effects on the microstructure of the solar wind, thus severely altering its physical properties. The present simulation focuses on careful analysis of these properties by means of simulating the behavior of the comet Hale-Bopp’s tail at 1 AU from the sun. These properties include the changes of the plasma density, particle velocity, IMF changes, pressure, and internal energy. The results indicated that comet tail will highly disturb the physical properties of the solar wind for a considerable distance. These changes reflect the effect of including the source term in the present simulation. It is shown that the comet tail will retain its original shape faster as it approaches the sun. Practical comparisons are also presented in the present research with earlier work. The present simulation was made using MATLAB program

The Smart Extensions Curriculum from an Islamic Educational Perspective

Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the foundations of the smart extensions curriculum and to clarify the concept behind it, its main elements, and the stages of building it, all from an Islamic educational perspective. Methods: Both inductive and deductive approaches were followed to study the smart extensions curriculum from an Islamic educational perspective. This involved first extrapolating the texts and referring to recent educational literature and studies to note the main features that indicate the nature of the curriculum. Additionally, educational deduction was directed towards inducted religious law texts and modern educational literature. The researchers also worked on tabulating the matrix of educational deductions in successive topics. Results: The foundations of the smart extensions approach are embodied in the legislative basis, which expresses the system of concepts and facts related to the beliefs and rulings brought by the Islamic religion. Furthermore, the psychological basis is expressed as a set of principles that take into account the conditions of individuals in terms of innate preparations, capabilities, needs, motives, desires and trends in light of authentic Islamic rules. The process of building the smart extensions curriculum has a number of stages, represented by the foundational framing stage, the formative organization stage, and the structural approval stage. Conclusions: This study recommends directing researchers to conduct scientific studies that are concerned with demonstrating the impact of revelation directives on building Islamic educational curriculums

To Determine the Frequency of the Common Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding after Colonoscopy

Introduction: Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (LGIB) is defined as bleeding from distal to the ligament of Treitz at the duodeno-jejunal flexure and it accounts for 30-40% of all gastrointestinal bleeding. Although it is less common than the upper gastrointestinal bleeding yet considered as medical and surgical emergency particularly when massive. The leading causes of LGIB are hemorrhoids, rectal ulcers, rectal polyps and colitis; while less frequent causes include ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and diverticulitis.   This is apparently in contrast to the western literature where inflammatory bowel diseases and diverticulitis are the common cause of LGIB. Presently Colonoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of choice in LGIB. Objective: To determine the frequency of the common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) after Colonoscopic examination in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Department of Gastroenterology, Services institute of Medical Sciences Lahore (SIMS) from April 2016 to March 2017. Results: A total of 277 patients were included in this study, 181(65.34%) were males and 96(34.65%) were females. The average age oi the patients was 45.5 years. Colonoscopy showed abnormal findings in 219 (79.06%) patients. The internal hemorrhoids were the most common cause of LGIB while least common cause of LGIB after Colonoscopic examination was malignant lesions of colon and rectum. Conclusion: In our study bleeding from internal hemorrhoids was the leading cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding followed by rectal ulcers and polyps.   Keywords: Lower GI Bleeding, Hemorrhoids, Rectal Ulcer, Rectal polyps, Colonoscopy

The Issues in Which Sibawayh Made a Mistake in the Book ``Ea'arab of the Qur'an'' for An-Nahas/A Grammar Study

This study sheds light on the issues in which Sibawayh made a mistake in the book ``Ea'arab of the Qur'an'' for An-Nahas, a grammatical study, where I enumerated these issues and edited them by presenting and discussing the evidence and then concluded them with the opinion of the researchers, with a clear statement of misleading. All this stems from justice and truth, far from fanaticism or inclination toward one scholar without another. The research was divided into an introduction and a preface that included a brief translation of Mark Al-Nahas and a definition of confusion both linguistically and idiomatically, then the issues that Al-Nahas made mistakes in Sibawayh and the issues in which other scholars were mistakenly transferred to Sibawayh. Finally, a conclusion that included the most important results extracted from the research and a list of the most essential approved sources. Keywords: Al-Nahas, Sibawayh, mistake, mubrad, Basroun, Kufi

An Audit of 138 Patients Admitted with Lump in the Neck in Surgical Department of Services Hospital Lahore, (SIMS)

Introduction: Neck swellings are very common problem in head and neck region. Causes are highly variable, ranging from simple treatable disease to a metastatic incurable carcinoma. The common causes may differ depending upon the different geographical location, gender and age of the patients. Therefore, the knowledge of local causative factors is important to avoid diagnostic delay. Commonly presenting head and neck masses are due to lymph node, thyroid and salivary gland enlargement. In third world countries, infective causes are most common. Malignant neoplasms were the second most common group. Therefore, frequent audit is necessary for prompt diagnosis and further work up. Objective: An audit of 138 patients admitted with neck swelling in surgical department of a tertiary care Hospital of Lahore. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Surgery, (unit-1) Services Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore, (SIMS) during January 2014 to July 2015. All patients who presented with neck swelling during study period were included. Diagnosis made after taking clinical history, examination and relevant laboratory work up. Results: Out of 138 patients with lump in the neck, 93 (67.39%) were female and 45 (32.60%) were male. The commonest swelling is tuberculous lymphadenitis that is 34 (24.63%) and 9 (6.52%) were lymphoma and 4 (3%) with reactive hyperplasia. 49 (35.5%) arose from thyroid (40 benign and 9 malignant). Among the benign swellings, 15 were solitary nodular goiter, 12 were Multinodular goiter and 13 were diffuse thyroid goiter, 11 were Thyroglossal cyst. Other causes included sebaceous cyst 12 (8.69%), lipoma 19 (13.67%), thyroglossal cyst 11 (8%) and carcinoma of thyroid 9 (6.52%) Conclusion: The most common cause of neck lump is thyroid disease and tuberculous lymphadenitis. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis and goiter is crucial for appropriate management.   Keywords: Head and Neck Swellings, Lymph Nodes, Tuberculous lymphadenitis, Goite

Characterization of (PVP-KCl) Composites

The polymers have uses in many industries. The addition of electrolytes to the polymers are produced a new materials use in many applications. Hence, in this paper study the effect of potassium chloride on the optical properties of polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The potassium chloride was added to polymer with different concentrations. The samples were prepared by using casting technique. The optical properties were measured in the wavelength range (200-800) nm. The experimental results showed that the absorbance (A), absorption coefficient (?), extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n),  real and imaginary dielectric constants (?1 and ?2) of polyvinyl pyrrolidone are increasing with the increase of the potassium chloride weight percentages. The energy gap (Eg) of polyvinyl pyrrolidone decreases with the increase of the potassium chloride weight percentages. Keyword: optical properties , potassium chloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone

The Improved Hybrid Algorithm for the Atheer and Berry-Ravindran Algorithms

Exact String matching considers is one of the important ways in solving the basic problems in computer science. This research proposed a hybrid exact string matching algorithm called E-Atheer. This algorithm depended on good features; searching and shifting techniques in the Atheer and Berry-Ravindran algorithms, respectively. The proposed algorithm showed better performance in number of attempts and character comparisons compared to the original and recent and standard algorithms. E-Atheer algorithm used several types of databases, which are DNA, Protein, XML, Pitch, English, and Source. The best performancein the number of attempts is when the algorithm is executed using the pitch dataset. The worst performance is when it is used with DNA dataset. The best and worst databases in the number of character comparisons with the E-Atheer algorithm are the Source and DNA databases, respectively

Experimental Investigation of Flood Energy Dissipation through Embankment Followed by Emergent Vegetation

The combination of hard (artificial) and soft (natural) solutions i.e., composite defense systems against flooding and tsunami opens a new window for engineering innovation for researchers nowadays. In this study, the experimental investigation of flood energy dissipation phenomena through composite defense systems comprising of embankment and rigid vegetation models in an open channel flume, is conducted. The flow regime through the composite defense system is classified in two main types, which are further subdivided in two sub-categories. Various combinations of embankment and vegetation and spacing between embankment and vegetation are analyzed. Against the selected range of initial Froude numbers, three different sizes of embankment models, three spacings between the embankment and vegetation (Ldv) and vegetated corridors of two different porosities (PR), are tested to examine the effect of these three parameters on the characteristics of the generated hydraulic jumps and flood energy dissipation within the defense system. It is found that embankment size and vegetation porosity have a greater impact on flood energy dissipation while the selected range of Ldv is less effective. Amongst the assessed composite flood defense systems, the maximum energy dissipation (55%) is observed for the combination of maximum embankment height and vegetation porosity (93%). For fixed combinations of embankment size and Ldv, the maximum increase of energy dissipation (18%) is found for decreasing vegetation porosity from 97% to 93%