Inductive and Deductive: Ambiguous Labels in Qualitative Content Analysis

The propounded dualism in Content Analysis as quantitative and qualitative approaches is widely supported and justified in nursing literature. Nevertheless, another sort of dualism is proposed for Qualitative Content Analysis, suggesting the adoption of inductive and/or deductive approaches in the process of qualitative data analysis. These approaches have been referred and labelled as inductive or conventional ; and deductive or directed content analysis in the literature. Authors argue that these labels could be fallacious, and may lead to ambiguity; as in effect, both approaches are employed with different dominancy during the process of any Qualitative Content Analysis. Thus, authors suggest more expressive, comprehensive, yet simple labels for this method of qualitative data analysis

Effects of a School-Based Interventional Program on Smoking Refusal Self-efficacy in Adolescent Females

smoking. Self-efficacy can be assumed as the best predictor of smoking behavior in adolescents. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a school-based interventional program on smoking refusal self-efficacy in adolescent females. Method: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 53 adolescent females in 2017. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=27) and control (n=26). The intervention group was provided with a smoking prevention program implemented five sessions a week in their school classrooms. On the other hand, the control group received the routine interventions. A researcher-made Smoking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was completed before and one month after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 20.0) using Fisher’s exact test, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: According to the results, 9 (34.6%) and 7 (25.9%) individuals in the control and intervention groups had smoking fathers, respectively. The two study groups were homogeneous in terms of smoking refusal self-efficacy before the intervention. Following the intervention, the mean self-efficacy scores in the intervention and control groups were estimated as 111.55±13.1 and 93.53±25.02, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding this variable after the intervention (P=0.02). Implications for Practice: The school-based interventional program for smoking prevention in accordance with social skills training could effectively increase the level of smoking refusal self-efficacy in adolescent females

Directed qualitative content analysis: the description and elaboration of its underpinning methods and data analysis process

Author's accepted version (post-print).Qualitative content analysis consists of conventional, directed and summative approaches for data analysis. They are used for provision of descriptive knowledge and understandings of the phenomenon under study. However, the method underpinning directed qualitative content analysis is insufficiently delineated in international literature. This paper aims to describe and integrate the process of data analysis in directed qualitative content analysis. Various international databases were used to retrieve articles related to directed qualitative content analysis. A review of literature led to the integration and elaboration of a stepwise method of data analysis for directed qualitative content analysis. The proposed 16-step method of data analysis in this paper is a detailed description of analytical steps to be taken in directed qualitative content analysis that covers the current gap of knowledge in international literature regarding the practical process of qualitative data analysis. An example of “the resuscitation team members' motivation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation” based on Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is also presented. The directed qualitative content analysis method proposed in this paper is a reliable, transparent, and comprehensive method for qualitative researchers. It can increase the rigour of qualitative data analysis, make the comparison of the findings of different studies possible and yield practical results.acceptedVersio

Inductive and Deductive: Ambiguous Labels in Qualitative Content Analysis

Abstract The propounded dualism in Content Analysis as quantitative and qualitative approaches is widely supported and justified in nursing literature. Nevertheless, another sort of dualism is proposed for Qualitative Content Analysis, suggesting the adoption of "inductive" and/or "deductive" approaches in the process of qualitative data analysis. These approaches have been referred and labelled as "inductive" or "conventional"; and "deductive" or "directed" content analysis in the literature. Authors argue that these labels could be fallacious, and may lead to ambiguity; as in effect, both approaches are employed with different dominancy during the process of any Qualitative Content Analysis. Thus, authors suggest more expressive, comprehensive, yet simple labels for this method of qualitative data analysis

Effect of Bilineaster Drop on Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is considered one of the most prevalent problems in newborns. Phototherapy, exchange transfusion, and herbal medicine are common therapeutic approaches for preventing any neurologic damage in infants with neonatal jaundice. However, herbal medicine is less commonly used. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of bilineaster drop on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Method: This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 98 term neonates (aged 2-14 days) with neonatal jaundice admitted to Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, during 2015. These newborns were randomly assigned into intervention (phototherapy and bilineaster drop) and control (only phototherapy) groups. Total and direct serum bilirubin levels were measured at the time of admission and then 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after treatment. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA through Stata software (Version 12). Results: The mean ages of the newborns at the time of admission were 6.2 ±2.5 and 6.04 ±2.4 days in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention group showed higher reduction in mean duration of hospital stay, readmission rate, and bilirubin levels 12 and 24 h after the intervention, compared to the control group (P>0.001). However, the two groups demonstrated no statistically significant difference 36 h and 48 h after the intervention (P=0.06, P=0.22, respectively). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the intervention had no significant effect on the reduction trend of bilirubin levels (P=0.10 [total], P=0.06 [indirect]) in both groups. Nonetheless, bilirubin levels significantly diminished in both groups over time (

Comparison of the Effects of Three Different Counting Methods on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality and Rescuer Fatigue

Background: Chest compression with adequate depth and number is one of the main indicators of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Nevertheless, no proper counting technique is suggested to provide sufficient number of massages. Aim: To compare the effects of three techniques of chest compression counting on the quality of CPR and rescuer fatigue. Method: Inthis clinical trial, 30 rescuers (divided into three groups) performed all the three techniques of chest compression counting (without counting common, alternate counting from 1 to 10, and continuous counting from 1 to 100) in 90 different resuscitation events at Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. Rescuer fatigue was evaluated using visual analogue scale to evaluate fatigue, and quality of massage was evaluated by the level of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2); massage was calculated in minutes. Data was analyzed in SPSS using ANOVA and Friedman test. Results: The mean age of the rescuers was 30.6±6.8 years. Based on Kruskal-Wallis test results, common, continuous, and alternate techniques were in descending order of fatigue level, and the common, alternate, and continuous techniques were in descending order of number of massages. In addition, according to ANOVA, the highest ETCO2 levels were observed in the alternate, continuous, and common techniques, respectively; the difference between the techniques was significant (P<0.001). Implications for practice: The use of alternate counting technique reduces rescuer fatigue, elevates ETCO2 during resuscitation, and makes approximating the number of massages to the number advised by the American Heart Association possible