Relational leadership and governing: Somali clan cultural leadership

This research is focused on exploring the distinction between theories of leadership and more contemporary visions of relational leading. In order to do so, the specific case of traditional clan structure seen in the Somali state will be examined, and parallels between the two will be drawn. This paper argues that the old Somali tradition shares much in common with current writing on relational leadership (Uhl-Bien, 2006) and, therefore, can expand our understanding and support for a form of leadership that transcends traditional, individualist, hierarchical leadership. This argument will be supported by a detailed investigation into clan politics, leadership, and state formation within clan culture in Somalia as a case study. Therefore, this research will evaluate how approaches to leadership of clan culture institutions and political figures co-exist, overlap, and have intervened in the context of political competition in post-conflict Somalia. By exploring the case of Somalia and its clan structure and clan-based political leadership in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods, this research offers an expanded understanding of relational leading and its benefits for social and cultural transformation. The literature reviewed reveals that Somali traditional clan leadership has similar relationality in its style to that of relational leadership. In writing this literature review, I have utilized a qualitative approach from data collection to the development of ideas

The art of spacecraft design: A multidisciplinary challenge

Actual design turn-around time has become shorter due to the use of optimization techniques which have been introduced into the design process. It seems that what, how and when to use these optimization techniques may be the key factor for future aircraft engineering operations. Another important aspect of this technique is that complex physical phenomena can be modeled by a simple mathematical equation. The new powerful multilevel methodology reduces time-consuming analysis significantly while maintaining the coupling effects. This simultaneous analysis method stems from the implicit function theorem and system sensitivity derivatives of input variables. Use of the Taylor's series expansion and finite differencing technique for sensitivity derivatives in each discipline makes this approach unique for screening dominant variables from nondominant variables. In this study, the current Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) aerodynamic and sensitivity derivative/optimization techniques are applied for a simple cone-type forebody of a high-speed vehicle configuration to understand basic aerodynamic/structure interaction in a hypersonic flight condition

Peran Commission of Truth and Friendship Dalam Normalisasi Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Republik Demokratik Timor Leste

This thesis is an International relations research in diplomacy studies study to describes the role of Commission of Truth and Friendship in normalizing bilateral relations between Indonesia and the Republic Demoratic Timor Leste. Commission was used as a facilitator to establish conclusive truths relating to events before and after the 1999 ballot and to promote reconciliation and friendship and ensure similar things did not happen in the future.This thesis used a pluralist perspective that views International relation not limited to relations between countries, but also relationships between individuals where the state is not always the main actor. This thesis hypothesis using the International organizational analysis level. In case the author used clive archer theory that the purpose of International organizations as arena can create prosperity through cooperation and collective action.The commssion of truth and friendship was formed from the agreement of Indonesia and the democratic republic of timor leste to find out the facts of human rights abuses throughout the history of east timor disintegration As well as reconciliation efforts that prioritize national interests through collective action to achieve common goals

Visual speech alters the discrimination and identification of non-intact auditory speech in children with hearing loss

OBJECTIVES: Understanding spoken language is an audiovisual event that depends critically on the ability to discriminate and identify phonemes yet we have little evidence about the role of early auditory experience and visual speech on the development of these fundamental perceptual skills. Objectives of this research were to determine 1) how visual speech influences phoneme discrimination and identification; 2) whether visual speech influences these two processes in a like manner, such that discrimination predicts identification; and 3) how the degree of hearing loss affects this relationship. Such evidence is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies to mitigate the effects of hearing loss on language development. METHODS: Participants were 58 children with early-onset sensorineural hearing loss (CHL, 53% girls, M = 9;4 yrs) and 58 children with normal hearing (CNH, 53% girls, M = 9;4 yrs). Test items were consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and nonwords with intact visual speech coupled to non-intact auditory speech (excised onsets) as, for example, an intact consonant/rhyme in the visual track (Baa or Baz) coupled to non-intact onset/rhyme in the auditory track (/–B/aa or /–B/az). The items started with an easy-to-speechread /B/ or difficult-to-speechread /G/ onset and were presented in the auditory (static face) vs. audiovisual (dynamic face) modes. We assessed discrimination for intact vs. non-intact different pairs (e.g., Baa:/–B/aa). We predicted that visual speech would cause the non-intact onset to be perceived as intact and would therefore generate more same—as opposed to different—responses in the audiovisual than auditory mode. We assessed identification by repetition of nonwords with non-intact onsets (e.g., /–B/az). We predicted that visual speech would cause the non-intact onset to be perceived as intact and would therefore generate more Baz—as opposed to az— responses in the audiovisual than auditory mode. RESULTS: Performance in the audiovisual mode showed more same responses for the intact vs. non-intact different pairs (e.g., Baa:/–B/aa) and more intact onset responses for nonword repetition (Baz for/–B/az). Thus visual speech altered both discrimination and identification in the CHL—to a large extent for the /B/ onsets but only minimally for the /G/ onsets. The CHL identified the stimuli similarly to the CNH but did not discriminate the stimuli similarly. A bias-free measure of the children’s discrimination skills (i.e., d’ analysis) revealed that the CHL had greater difficulty discriminating intact from non-intact speech in both modes. As the degree of HL worsened, the ability to discriminate the intact vs. non-intact onsets in the auditory mode worsened. Discrimination ability in CHL significantly predicted their identification of the onsets—even after variation due to the other variables was controlled. CONCLUSIONS: These results clearly established that visual speech can fill in non-intact auditory speech, and this effect, in turn, made the non-intact onsets more difficult to discriminate from intact speech and more likely to be perceived as intact. Such results 1) demonstrate the value of visual speech at multiple levels of linguistic processing and 2) support intervention programs that view visual speech as a powerful asset for developing spoken language in CHL

Peningkatan Kualitas Citra Digital Menggunakan Metode Super Resolusi Pada Domain Spasial

Citra merupakan salah satu komponen dari multimedia yang memegang peranan penting karena mengandung informasi dalam bentuk visual. Tetapi tidak semua citra dapat menampilkan informasi secara jelas dan detail seperti halnya citra resolusi rendah. Citra resolusi rendah memiliki kepadatan piksel yang rendah. Untuk itudiperlukan peningkatan kualitas citra menggunakan metode super resolusi agar dihasilkan citra resolusi tinggi dari citra resolusi rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik super resolusi yang melalui tiga tahapan umum yaitu registrasi, interpolasi (bilinear dan bikubik), dan rekonstruksi (smoothing dan denoising). Teknik ini diterapkan pada domain spasial menggunakan citra grayscale resolusi rendah. Teknik super resolusi ini diaplikasikan pada citra satu framedan citra multiframe. Hasil Mean Opinion Score (MOS)menunjukkan bahwa citra multiframe yang melalui prosesregistrasi menghasilkan citra resolusi tinggi yang lebih baikdibandingkan dengan citra satu frame tanpa proses registrasi