Effect of Probiotics on Serum Biochemical and Blood Constituents in Chicken Challenged with Salmonella enterica Subsp Typhimurium

Purpose: To examine the effects of two commercial probiotics (Toyocerin and CloSTAT) on serum enzyme activities, and hematological and biochemical indices of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (ST).Methods: The chicks received one of the following treatments at 0 day of age: T1 = control group, unmedicated diet, unchallenged birds, (negative control); T2 = unmedicated diet + bacterial challenge (positive control); T3 = medicated diet with neoxyval (0.05 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (NEOX); T4 = toyocerin (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (Toyocerin); and T5 = CloSTAT (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (COLS). Blood samples were withdrawn from 7 selected chicks in each treatment at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age, and analyzed for total protein, albumin and globulin concentration, and the albumin: globulin ratio computed. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutatamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in serum were measured on days 7 and 42.Results: The results revealed that albumin (p < 0.001), globulin (p < 0.001) and albumin: globulin ratio (p < 0.001) were influenced by the time of blood collection. Globulin increased significantly after ST challenge while albumin decreased significantly. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) after ST challenge was affected by treatment (p < 0.05). Higher levels were obtained from birds which had received NEOX or positive control, compared to negative control group.Conclusion: Salmonella challenge affects serum albumin, globulin and GOT enzyme. The results obtained suggest that the probiotic, Toyocerin, mitigates the negative effects of Salmonella challenge.Keywords: Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus Cereus var. toyoi, Probiotics, Liver enzymes, Hematology, Salmonella enteric

Bridging GPS Outages Using Spectral Fusion and Neural Network Models in Support of Multibeam Hydrography

In classical hydrographic surveying, the use of GPS is limited to providing horizontal control for survey vessels. More recently, an alternative practice has evolved, which determines depth values relative to a geodetic datum and then relate them to tidal datums through a series of vertical datum transformations. Although it has a number of advantages over classical hydrographic surveying, this practice requires accurate 3D positioning information. Unfortunately, accurate 3D positioning solution may not always be available as a result of communication link problems, GPS outages, or unsuccessful fixing for the ambiguity parameters. This paper examines the use of wavelet analysis to spectrally combine the GPS/INS height data series and the heave signal to bridge the height data gaps. In addition, a neural network-based model is developed to precisely predict the horizontal component of the survey vessel.En los levantamientos hidrográficos clásicos, el uso del GPS está limitado al suministro de control horizontal para los buques hidrográficos. Más recientemente, se ha desarrollado una práctica alterna-tiva, que determina los valores de la profundidad relativos a un datum geodésico y los relaciona pos-teriormente con los datums de mareas a través de una serie de transformaciones del datum vertical. Aunque tiene una serie de ventajas con respecto a los levantamientos hidrográficos clásicos, esta práctica requiere una información precisa del posicionamiento en 3D. Desgraciadamente, puede que una solución de posicionamiento preciso en 3D no esté siempre disponible como resultado de los problemas de enlaces de datos, los cortes GPS, o un ajuste infructuoso de parámetros de ambigüedad. Este artículo examina el uso de un análisis de ondas pequeñas para combinar espectralmente la serie de datos de altura GPS/INS y la señal de oleaje para superar las deficiencias de datos de alturas. Además, se ha desarrollado un modelo basado en la red neural para predecir con precisión la compo-nente horizontal del buque hidrográfico.Dans les levés hydrographiques classiques, l‘utilisation du GPS est limitée à la fourniture d‘un contrôle horizontal pour les bâtiments hydrographiques. Plus récemment, une autre pratique est ap-parue et celle-ci détermine les valeurs de profondeur par rapport à un système géodésique puis les rapporte au niveau de référence des marées par le biais d‘une série de transformations du système géodésique vertical. Bien que ceci offre un certain nombre d‘avantages par rapport aux levés hydro-graphiques classiques, cette pratique nécessite des informations exactes sur la détermination de la position en 3D. Malheureusement, une solution exacte de détermination de la position en 3D n‘est pas toujours disponible à cause de problèmes de liaison en matière de communications, de défaillan-ces GPS, ou de réparation infructueuse des paramètres d‘ambiguïté. Le présent article examine l‘uti-lisation d‘une analyse des ondelettes pour combiner de manière spectrale les séries de données de hauteur GPS/INS et le signal de pilonnement afin de combler les lacunes en données de hauteur. En outre, un modèle inspiré d‘un réseau neuronal est en cours de développement en vue d‘une prédic-tion précise de la composante horizontale du bâtiment hydrographique

NOISE EXPOSURE AMONG TRAFFIC POLICE OFFICERS IN KHARTOUM LOCALITY, SUDAN

Background: This study reports noise exposure among traffic police officers in Khartoum locality, Sudan. In this study, noise exposure was measured among Traffic Police Officer in Khartoum Locality, Sudan, in May 2010. Objectives: This paper addresses the noise levels, and their negative effects on traffic police officers resulting from its exposure to road traffic noise. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in twenty two streets points along the Khartoum locality roads. The Khartoum locality roads have heavy traffic during the day, and the noise exposure level among traffic policemen was measured during the time period from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm on working day using a noise dosimeter which reads the noise exposure of a person. Also, 46 traffic police officers working in these points were selected as the study population. Results: The level of noise was ranged from 74.5 to 86.7 dBA. 52.2% have mood characteristic as annoyance, while 26.1% have tinnitus. Conclusion: It was observed that at all points, the level of noise was higher. Major effects of noise among traffic police officer include annoyance and tinnitus. All Traffic Police officers did not used hearing protection devices

NOISE EXPOSURE AMONG TRAFFIC POLICE OFFICERS IN KHARTOUM LOCALITY, SUDAN

Background: This study reports noise exposure among traffic police officers in Khartoum locality, Sudan. In this study, noise exposure was measured among Traffic Police Officer in Khartoum Locality, Sudan, in May 2010. Objectives: This paper addresses the noise levels, and their negative effects on traffic police officers resulting from its exposure to road traffic noise. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in twenty two streets points along the Khartoum locality roads. The Khartoum locality roads have heavy traffic during the day, and the noise exposure level among traffic policemen was measured during the time period from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm on working day using a noise dosimeter which reads the noise exposure of a person. Also, 46 traffic police officers working in these points were selected as the study population. Results: The level of noise was ranged from 74.5 to 86.7 dBA. 52.2% have mood characteristic as annoyance, while 26.1% have tinnitus. Conclusion: It was observed that at all points, the level of noise was higher. Major effects of noise among traffic police officer include annoyance and tinnitus. All Traffic Police officers did not used hearing protection devices