Growth, heavy metal status and yield of salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants as affected by the integrated application of bio-, organic and inorganic nitrogen-fertilizers

Efforts have been made to use the integrated application of bio-, organic and inorganic nitrogen (N)-fertilizers to decrease waste accumulation, and to minimize nutrient losses and yield contamination with heavy metals for human nutrition and health. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of integrated applications of organic manures, bio-fertilizer and/or mineral-N fertilizers on growth, yield, some chemical constituents and shoot and yielded grain heavy metal contents of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sakha 93) plants grown under salinity stress (ECe = 7.84 dS m-1). Results showed that, the treatment comprised of ⅓NH4NO3 (55 kg N ha-1) + Cerealine (bio-fertilizer; 4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (10 t ha-1) was found to be most effective, producing the best status of growth characteristics, osmoprotectants concentrations, essential nutrient contents, shoot heavy metal concentrations, and grain yield and its content of heavy metals compared to the all other treatments. The treatment comprised of Cerealine (4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (20 t ha-1) was occupied the second order. We can recommend to use the integrated treatment of ⅓NH4NO3 (55 kg N ha-1) + Cerealine (bio-fertilizer; 4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (10 t ha-1) effectively in saline soils to improve wheat growth and yield with minimum contents of heavy metals for human health and nutrition

Ascorbic Acid Induces the Increase of Secondary Metabolites, Antioxidant Activity, Growth, and Productivity of the Common Bean under Water Stress Conditions

One of the most vital environmental factors that restricts plant production in arid and semi-arid environments is the lack of fresh water and drought stress. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity is severely limited by abiotic stress, especially climate-related constraints. Therefore, a field experiment in split-plot design was carried out to examine the potential function of ascorbic acid (AsA) in mitigating the adverse effects of water stress on common bean. The experiment included two irrigation regimes (100% or 50% of crop evapotranspiration) and three AsA doses (0, 200, or 400 mg L−1 AsA). The results revealed that water stress reduced common bean photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), carbonic anhydrase activity, antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical activity scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation assay), growth and seed yield, while increased enzymatic antioxidants (peroxidase), secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins), malondialdehyde (MDA), and crop water productivity. In contrast, the AsA foliar spray enhanced all studied traits and the enhancement was gradual with the increasing AsA dose. The linear regression model predicted that when the AsA dose increase by 1.0 mg L−1, the seed yield is expected to increase by 0.06 g m−2. Enhanced water stress tolerance through adequate ascorbic acid application is a promising strategy to increase the tolerance and productivity of common bean under water stress. Moreover, the response of common bean to water deficit appears to be dependent on AsA dose

Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) to deficit irrigation management under the semi-arid environment of Egypt: field and modeling study

In many areas of the world, water shortages prevail and threaten food production. Deficit irrigation was commonly investigated in dry areas as a precious and sustainable production approach. Using the CropSyst model to simulate the effects of different deficit irrigation treatments could help draw conclusions and save time, effort, and money. Therefore, the aims of this research were (i) to calibrate and validate the CropSyst model for wheat under different sustained and phenological stage-based deficit irrigation treatments, (ii) to simulate the impacts of the latter treatments on limiting wheat yield reduction. Two field experiments were conducted in Nubaria (Egypt), representing an arid environment. They included seven irrigation treatments: (1) 100%, (2) 75%, or (3) 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the whole crop cycle; (4) 50% ETc at tillering only, or (5) at booting only, or (6) at grain filling only, or (7) at both tillering and grain filling, with the replenishment of 100% ETc to the treatments (4) to (7) in the remaining phenological stages. The results revealed that phenological stage-based deficit irrigation of wheat resulted in lower yield reduction compared to sustained deficit irrigation treatments, with a 6% yield reduction when 50% ETc was applied at the booting stage. Wheat yield loss was reduced to 4 or 6% when 95 or 90% of ETc were applied, respectively. The CropSyst model accurately simulated wheat grain and total dry matter under deficit irrigation with low RMSE value. In conclusion, the CropSyst model can be reliably used for evaluating the strategy of planned deficit irrigation management in terms of wheat production under the arid environmen

Phytohormones as Growth Regulators During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Phytohormones (PHs) play crucial role in regulation of various physiological and biochemical processes that govern plant growth and yield under optimal and stress conditions. The interaction of these PHs is crucial for plant survival under stressful environments as they trigger signaling pathways. Hormonal cross regulation initiate a cascade of reactions which finely tune the physiological processes in plant architecture that help plant to grow under suboptimal growth conditions. Recently, various studies have highlighted the role of PHs such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates in the plant responses toward environmental stresses. The involvement of cytokinins, gibberellins, auxin, and relatively novel PHs such as strigolactones and brassinosteroids in plant growth and development has been documented under normal and stress conditions. The recent identification of the first plant melatonin receptor opened the door to this regulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone. However, polyamines, which are not considered PHs, have been included in this chapter. Various microbes produce and secrete hormones which helped the plants in nutrient uptake such as N, P, and Fe. Exogenous use of such microbes help plants in correcting nutrient deficiency under abiotic stresses. This chapter focused on the recent developments in the knowledge related to PHs and their involvement in abiotic stresses of anticipation, signaling, cross-talk, and activation of response mechanisms. In view of role of hormones and capability of microbes in producing hormones, we propose the use of hormones and microbes as potential strategy for crop stress management.Fil: EL Sabagh, Ayman. Scientific And Technological Research Council Of Turkey; TurquíaFil: Islam, Mohammad Sohidul. Kafrelsheikh University; EgiptoFil: Hossain, Akbar. Hajee Mohammad Danesh And Technology University; BangladeshFil: Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir. University Of Poonch; PakistánFil: Mubeen, Mohammad. Comsats University Islamabad; PakistánFil: Waleed, Mirza. Comsats University Islamabad; PakistánFil: Reginato, Mariana Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Battaglia, Martin. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Ahmed, Sharif. International Rice Research Institute; FilipinasFil: Rehman, Abdul. The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur; PakistánFil: Arif, Muhammad. The University Of Agriculture; PakistánFil: Athar, Habib-Ur-Rehman. Bahauddin Zakariya University; PakistánFil: Ratnasekera, Disna. University Of Ruhuna; Sri LankaFil: Danish, Subhan. Bahauddin Zakariya University; PakistánFil: Raza, Ali. Sichuan Agricultural University; ChinaFil: Rajendran, Karthika. Vellore Institute Of Technology; IndiaFil: Mushtaq, Muntazir. Icar-national Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources; IndiaFil: Skalicky, Milan. Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague; República ChecaFil: Brestic, Marian. Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague; República ChecaFil: Soufan, Walid. King Saud University; Arabia SauditaFil: Fahad, Shah. University Of Haripur; PakistánFil: Pandey, Saurabh. Guru Nanak Dev University; IndiaFil: Abdelhamid, Magdi T.. National Research Centre Dokki; Egipt

Nutrient Management practices for enhancing Soybean (Glycine max L.) production

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">percent protein and 19 percent oil in the seeds. The magnitude of soybean yield losses due to nutrient deficiency also varies among </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">the nutrients. Deficiencies of N, P, Fe, B and S nutrients may cause yield losses up to 10 %, 29-45 %, 22-90 %, 100 % and 16-30 %, </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">respectively, in soybean depending on soil fertility, climate and plant factors. Soil salinity is one of the major limiting factors of </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">soybean production in semiarid regions, and chloride salinity has a more depressive effect on yield than sulphate salinity. The </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">goal of nutrient management is to maximize soybean productivity while minimizing environmental consequences. Balanced and </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">timely nutrient management practices applied for soybean contributes to sustainable growth of yield and quality, influences plant </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">health and reduces environmental risks. Balanced nutrition with mineral fertilizers can assist in integrated pest management to </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">reduce damage from infestations of pests and diseases and save inputs required to control them. Balanced fertilization generates </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">higher profits for the farmers, not necessarily through reduced inputs. The role of education and extension in delivering the upto-</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">date knowledge on nutrient management is crucial, challenging, and continuous.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">La soya (Glycine max L.), es el cultivo de legumbres más importante en el mundo. La magnitud de las pérdidas en el rendimientode la soya debido a deficiencias varía dependiendo de los nutrientes. Las deficiencias de N, P, Fe, B y S pueden causar pérdidas </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">en rendimiento de hasta 10 %, 29-45 %, 22-90 %, 100 % y 16-30 %, respectivamente, en la soya dependiendo de la fertilidad </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">del suelo, clima y factores intrínsecos a las plantas. La textura de los suelos utilizados en el cultivo de soya varía entre arenosa </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">y arcillosa. La salinidad del suelo es uno de los mayores factores limitantes en la producción del cultivo en regiones semiáridas, </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">y la salinidad por cloro tiene un mayor efecto en la disminución del rendimiento que la salinidad por sulfatos. Los granos de soya </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">son una gran fuente de energía que contienen 40 % de proteína y 19 % de aceite. El éxito del manejo de nutrientes es maximizar </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">la productividad del cultivo mientras se minimizan los impactos ambientales. Las prácticas de manejo de nutrientes balanceadas </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">y reguladas en el tiempo contribuyen a un crecimiento sostenido del rendimiento y la calidad, influencian la salud de </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">las plantas y reducen los riesgos ambientales. Una nutrición balanceada con fertilizantes minerales puede ayudar en el manejo </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">integrado de plagas para reducir los daños causados por las infestaciones de pestes y enfermedades y reducir los insumos </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">requeridos para su control. Una fertilización balanceada genera mayores ganancias para los agricultores, no necesariamente </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">por reducción de los insumos. El papel de la educación y la extensión en la difusión del conocimiento actual sobre manejo de </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">nutrientes es crucial, desafiante y continuo.</span></p

Protective role of α-tocopherol on two Vicia faba cultivars against seawater-induced lipid peroxidation by enhancing capacity of anti-oxidative system

To examine the effect of seawater stress on growth, yield, physiological and antioxidant responses of faba bean plant and whether the exogenous application with vitamin E could mitigate the adverse effect of salinity stress or not, a pot experiment was carried out during 2011/12 winter season under green house of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Two faba bean cultivars (Giza 3 and Giza 843) irrigated with diluted seawater (Tap water, 3.13 or 6.25 dS m−1) and α-tocopherol (0, 50 or 100 mg L−1) were used. At 75 days after sowing, growth sample was taken for vegetative growth measurement, proline, carotenoids, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POX and PAL), lipid peroxidation, and inorganic ions as well as seed yield and yield attributes were determined. The results revealed that seawater triggered significant inhibitory effects on faba bean growth and yield especially for Giza 3 cultivar with obvious increments in MDA and Na+ ion contents. Foliar application with α-tocopherol at rate of 100 mg L−1 followed by 50 mg L−1 on faba bean plants exerted certain alleviative effects on these indices in particular on Giza 843. α-Tocopherol could play an important role in alleviation of injury of faba bean irrigated with diluted seawater through the enhancement of the protective parameters such as antioxidant enzymes, proline, carotenoids, and inorganic ions (K+ and Ca2+) to be effective in decreasing MDA content, lessening the harmful effect of salinity, and improving faba bean growth, seed yield and seed yield quality

Terlipressin versus norepinephrine to prevent milrinone-induced systemic vascular hypotension in cardiac surgery patient with pulmonary hypertension

Introduction: Milrinone at inotropic doses requires the addition of a vasoconstrictive drug. We hypothesized that terlipressin use could selectively recover the systemic vascular hypotension induced by milrinone without increasing the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) as norepinephrine in cardiac surgery patients. Patients and Methods: Patients with pulmonary hypertension were enrolled in this study. At the start of rewarming a milrinone 25 μg/kg bolus over 10 min followed by infusion at the rate of 0.25 μg/kg/min. Just after the loading dose of milrinone, the patients were randomized to receive norepinephrine infusion at a dose of 0.1 μg/kg/min (norepinephrine group) or terlipressin infusion at a dose of 2 μg/kg/h (terlipressin group). Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure, MPAP, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), PVR, cardiac output were measured after induction of anesthesia, after loading dose of milrinone, during skin closure, and in the intensive care unit till 24 h. Results: Milrinone decreased MAP (from 79.56 ± 4.5 to 55.21 ± 2.1 and from 78.46 ± 3.3 to 54.11 ± 1.1) and decreased the MPAP (from 59.5 ± 3.5 to 25.4 ± 2.6 and from 61.3 ± 5.2 to 25.1 ± 2.3) in both groups. After norepinephrine, there was an increase in the MAP which is comparable to terlipressin group (P > 0.05). Terlipressin group shows a significant lower MPAP than norepinephrine group (24.5 ± 1.4 at skin closure vs. 43.3 ± 2.1, than 20.3 ± 2.1 at 24 h vs. 39.8 ± 3.8 postoperatively). There is a comparable increase in the SVR in both group, PVR showed a significant increase in the norepinephrine group compared to the terlipressin group (240.5 ± 23 vs. 140.6 ± 13 at skin closure than 190.3 ± 32 vs. 120.3 ± 10 at 24 h postoperatively). Conclusion: The use of terlipressin after milrinone will reverse systemic hypotension with lesser effect on the pulmonary artery pressure

The Potential Role of Cobalt and/or Organic Fertilizers in Improving the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Moringa oleifera

In sustainable farming, the use of organic fertilizers is a costly but environmentally-oriented type of soil&ndash;crop system management. Among essential microelements, cobalt (Co) deficiency commonly occurs in arid and semi-arid climatic regions suitable for the growing of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam), an economically important, multipurpose tree. Therefore, in this study, two pot experiments were conducted to identify the interaction effects of Co and organic fertilizers in modifying the growth, yield, and nutritional composition of moringa. Each experiment consisted of 21 treatments as combinations of seven concentrations of Co (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0 mg L&minus;1) and three organic fertilizers (chicken manure, CM; farmyard manure, FYM; and compost, Comp). Co, at 7.5&ndash;12.5 mg L&minus;1, in combination with CM, significantly increased the height, leaf number, leaf area, and dry weight of plants, as well as N, P, K, Zn, Cu, protein, total carbohydrate, total soluble solids, total phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamin C in leaves. Co was positively correlated with N, P, K, and the dry weight content in moringa leaves, and this synergistic interaction may underpin the remaining parameters enhanced by Co. The cobalt effect was dose-dependent, so the improved growth, yield, and nutritional composition of moringa can be managed through a proper Co dose in combination with organic fertilizer. Co and organic fertilization could be a promising strategy for improving moringa plant productivity and its biological value in conditions of sandy soils and Co deficiency