An Overview of Prescription in the Nursing

Introduction: The role which nurses are playing in medication management is seriously changing over time. Nurses are authorized to prescribe medications in an ever-increasing number of countries. The main objective of the present review study is to introduce nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescriptions and their corresponding advantages, disadvantages, and barriers in the leading countries of nursing. Methods: The present study was performed by searching over the articles in information databases such as “PubMed”, “Google Scholar”, “Embase” , “Proquest”, “Ovid”, “Web of Science” and “Science Direct” using the English keywords such as “independent prescribing”, “supplementary nurse prescribing” and “prescribing”. As a result, 250 relevant papers were collected, out of which 38 ones were used in the present study. Results: The results of searching the sources and articles related to nurse prescribing were presented as the definition of nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescribing and their advantages and obstacles in the leading countries in nurse medication prescribing. Conclusions: Although there are many advantages for nurse prescribing such as cost-effectiveness of this method, the official prescribing by nurses is not authorized in many Asian countries such as Iran. Considering the positive role of nurse prescribing in the nursing professional improvement and the patient's satisfaction, it is also hoped to be applied in all countries

The demyelination and altered motor performance following electrolytic lesion in the ventrolateral white matter of spinal cord in male rats: Benefit of post-injury administration of estradiol

Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and subsequent locomotor dysfunction. To identify the extent of damage following electrolytic lesion of ventrolateral white matter, essential area for initiation of locomotor activity, we assessed demyelination as well as alteration in motor performance. Moreover, the protective effect of estradiol as a candidate treatment for preservation of myelin and locomotor activity after injury was examined due to its antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: A unilateral electrolytic lesion positioned in the right ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) was applied following laminectomy at T8-T9. In the estradiol-treated injury group, animals received a pharmacological single dose of estradiol valerate (4 mg/kg) at 30min post injury. Locomotor function was assessed using rotarod and open field tasks during 4 weeks after injury. Results: Obtained results showed significant demyelination at the site of injury and caudal areas following lesion as well as altered motor performance. Post-spinal cord injury administration of estradiol enhanced white matter maintenance at the site of lesion, restored the level of myelin basic protein (MBP), decreased TUNEL positive cells and improved functional recovery. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that demyelination after lesion in VLF may be a contributing factor to limited motor performance, and suggest that pharmacological doses of estradiol may have an early protective effect through sparing of white matter. © 2016, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology. All rights reserved

Graphene memristors based on humidity-mediated reduction of graphene oxide

Memristors have emerged as promising devices for neuromorphic applications, particularly as synaptic weight. Graphene oxide, a partially oxidised and electrically insulating form of graphene, has been employed in metal/insulator/metal devices, where resistance switching based on the filamentary growth of the contacting metals has been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate an alternative highly reproducible resistance switching mechanism based on solid-state reduction of GO thin-films mediated by adsorbed water. It is shown that distinguishable and highly stable resistance states can be controllably realised in graphene oxide metal/insulator/metal devices. We have unravelled the growth mechanism and determined the growth kinetic of reduced graphene oxide, which enables a deterministic way to tune the resistance in GO devices. The demonstration of highly reproducible memristors based on graphene oxide crossbar devices is very promising for the realisation of low-cost and environmentally benign solution-processable neuromorphic synaptic weight

Graphene memristors based on humidity-mediated reduction of graphene oxide

Memristors have emerged as promising devices for neuromorphic applications, particularly as synaptic weight. Graphene oxide, a partially oxidised and electrically insulating form of graphene, has been employed in metal/insulator/metal devices, where resistance switching based on the filamentary growth of the contacting metals has been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate an alternative highly reproducible resistance switching mechanism based on solid-state reduction of GO thin-films mediated by adsorbed water. It is shown that distinguishable and highly stable resistance states can be controllably realised in graphene oxide metal/insulator/metal devices. We have unravelled the growth mechanism and determined the growth kinetic of reduced graphene oxide, which enables a deterministic way to tune the resistance in GO devices. The demonstration of highly reproducible memristors based on graphene oxide crossbar devices is very promising for the realisation of low-cost and environmentally benign solution-processable neuromorphic synaptic weight

Chronic Noise Exposure Activates Apoptosis Signaling Pathway in the Rat Auditory Cortex

Background: Today, hearing disorders are one of the most common problems in an industrial society. High-intensity sounds can induce apoptosis and metabolic changes in the auditory neural pathway and auditory cortex.Aim: In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic noise exposure on Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 genes expression in the auditory cortex of rats.Methods: Chronic exposure to 110 dB white noise was applied in male rats for 6 hours for 5 consecutive days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in the serum of rats prior to and following noise exposure. Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 genes expression in the auditory cortex was determined by Real time PCR assay. Results: Our results showed that the serum SOD level was significantly decreased in rats exposed to noise. In addition, the gene expression of Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was markedly increased in the auditory cortex of rats were subjected to chronic noise exposure compared to control rats.Conclusion: Chronic noise exposure can activate apoptosis signaling pathway in the auditory cortex of rat

Role of Microglia and Astrocyte in Central Pain Syndrome Following Electrolytic Lesion at the Spinothalamic Tract in Rats

Central pain syndrome (CPS) is a debilitating state and one of the consequences of spinal cord injury in patients. Many pathophysiological aspects of CPS are not well documented. Spinal glia activation has been identified as a key factor in the sensory component of chronic pain. In this study, the role of glial subtypes in the process of CPS induced by unilateral electrolytic lesion of spinothalamic tract (STT) is investigated. Male rats received a laminectomy at T8–T9 and then unilateral electrolytic lesion centered on the STT. Thermal and mechanical thresholds as well as locomotor function were measured on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-injuries by tail flick, von Frey filament, and open field tests, respectively. To investigate the spinal glial activation following denervation in STT-lesioned groups, Iba1 and GFAP were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting at the same time points. Data showed that STT lesion significantly decreased thermal pain at day 3 in comparison with sham groups. Significant bilateral allodynia appeared in hind paws at day 14 after spinal cord injury and continued to day 28 (P<0.05). Additionally, electrolytic spinal lesion attenuated locomotor function of injured animals after 7 days (P<0.05). In both histological assessments and Western blotting, Iba1 increased at days 3 and 7 while increased GFAP occurred from day 14 to 28 after lesion. It appears that microglial activation is important in the early stages of pain development and astrocytic activation occurs later. These events may lead to behavioral outcomes especially central neuropathic pain

Investigating the normal dimensions and sizes of human eye orbit by MRI in Labafinejad Hospital patients in 2016 in Tehran

Background: Anthropometry is one of the principal researches in. The eye orbit is involved in most cranial abnormalities. Concerning the lack of adequate information in Iranian populations and the effect of factors including gender, age, and geographical region, the aim of this study was to investigate the normal dimensions and sizes of human eye orbit through MRI.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, analytical, and prospective study which was performed on 120 patients referring to the MRI center of Labafinejad and Torfeh hospitals. In fact, 20 patients were excluded due to eye-associated disorders. The longitudinal and transversal axes, as well as the eye orbit volume were measured, and the age, gender, and the sidedness of eye were reported and evaluated.Results: The mean age was 38, and the eye orbit volume, longitudinal axis, and transversal axes were measured as 5593 mm3, 22 mm, and 21.9 mm, respectively. The minimum average measured value was related to the distance between the posterior edge of the frontal processes of the upper jaw bones (21 mm in females and 23 mm in males), while the maximum average was measured across the posterior poles of the two eye orbits (26 mm in females and 29 mm in males) (P&lt;0.4).Conclusion: The data suggestd that the longitudinal and transversal axes, as well as the volume of right and left eyes are larger in men than in women. The difference in the eye orbit volume of men, as compared to women can be attributed to a large body mass in men

The Effects of Deferoxamine on the Up regulation of Chemokine Receptor 2 in Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells

Background: Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) are non-hematopoietic, stromal cellsthat can differentiate into mesenchymal and other type of tissues. The BMSCs have properties that make them ideal candidates for tissue engineering. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of deferoxamine (DFO) on homing of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell, and to examine if DFO can increase migration and subsequent homing of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro.Methods: BMSCs were isolated from the long bones of NMARI rats through density gradientcentrifugation and adherent cell culture. Next, they were treated using DFO in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) for 24 h. The expression of chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were assessed using RT-PCR.Results: BMSCs expressed CCR2 on a large proportion of cells. In DFO-treated BMSCs,expression of CCR2 (P&lt;0.005) significantly increased compared to that in control groups. Elevation and up regulation of CCR2 in DFO-treated MSCs were observed.Conclusion: Preconditioning of BMSCs using DFO prior to transplantation could increasehoming of BMSCs through affecting some chemokine receptors as well as proteases involved and thus improve the efficacy of cell therapy

Effect of Beloved Person’s Voice on Chest Tube Removal Pain in Patients undergoing Open Heart Surgery: Fuzzy Logistic Regression Model

Chest tube removal pain is one of the important complications after open heart surgery. The removal of a chest tube is a painful and frightening experience and should be managed with as little pain and distress as possible. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of beloved person’s voice on chest tube removal pain in patients undergoing open heart surgery. 128 patients were randomly assigned to two groups: one group listened to beloved person’s voice during the procedure, and the other did not. Since pain was measured by linguistic terms, a fuzzy logistic regression was applied for modeling. After controlling for the potential confounders, based on fuzzy logistic regression, the beloved person’s voice reduced the risk of pain. Therefore, using beloved person’s voice could be effective, inexpensive and safe for distraction and reduction of pain