Compare the Effect of Different Mental and Physical Training Methods on the Motor Function of Girls and Boys

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different mental and physical training methods on the motor function of girls and boys.Methods: This study was quasi-experimental research. The statistical sample consisted of 80 male and female students of Boshruyeh City in equal numbers and with a mean age of 14±0.9 years old who were randomly assigned into four groups of 20 participants (Physical Training, Traditional Imagery, PETTLEP, and Control groups). The participants took part in the pre-test and then practiced for six weeks. After training, they participated in the acquisition test To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and LSD post hoc tests were used. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference in motor function between boys and girls based on the different training methods. The motor function of both genders has improved significantly in the Physical Training and PETTLEP groups. Also, the level of motor function of girls and boys was significantly better in the PETTLEP group than in other groups. In addition, Boys in PETTLEP have better motor function than girls.Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight the importance and necessity of paying attention to the methods of physical training and PETTLEP in improving the motor function of students according to their gender. An increase in the motor function of students can be expected especially for boys, by adding the PETTLEP in their training plan

The effects of knee arthroplaste on walking speed. A meta-analysis.

Background: Patients with knee osteoarthritis patients have problems with walking, and tend to walk slower. An important aim of knee arthroplasty is functional recovery, which should include a post-operative increase in walking speed. Still, there are several problems with measuring walking speed in groups of knee osteoarthritis patients. Nevertheless, test-retest reliability of walking speed measurements is high, and when the same investigators monitor the same subjects, it should be possible to assess the walking speed effects of knee arthroplasty. The present study reports a meta-analysis of these effects. Methods. A total of 16 independent pre-post arthroplasty comparisons of walking speed were identified through MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PEDro, in 12 papers, involving 419 patients. Results: For 0.5-5 months post-operatively, heterogeneity was too large to obtain a valid estimate of the overall effect-size. For 6-12 and 13-60 months post-operatively, heterogeneity was absent, low, or moderate (depending on estimated pre-post correlations). During these periods, subjects walked on average 0.8 standard-deviations faster than pre-operatively, which is a large effect. Meta-regression analysis revealed significant effects of time and time squared, suggesting initial improvement followed by decline. Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed a large effect of arthroplasty on walking speed 6-60 months post-operatively. For the first 0.5-5 months, heterogeneity of effect-sizes precluded a valid estimate of short-term effects. Hence, patients may expect a considerable improvement of their walking speed, which, however, may take several months to occur. Meta-regression analysis suggested a small decline from 13 months post-operatively onwards. © 2012 Abbasi-Bafghi et al; BioMed Central Ltd

Determinants of co-contraction during walking before and after arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis

Background: Knee osteoarthritis patients co-contract in knee-related muscle pairs during walking. The determinants of this co-contraction remain insufficiently clear. Methods: A heterogeneous group of 14 patients was measured before and one year after knee arthroplasty, and compared to 12 healthy peers and 15 young subjects, measured once. Participants walked on a treadmill at several imposed speeds. Bilateral activity of six muscles was registered electromyographically, and co-contraction time was calculated as percentage of stride cycle time. Local dynamic stability and variability of sagittal plane knee movements were determined. The surgeon's assessment of alignment was used. Pre-operatively, multivariate regressions on co-contraction time were used to identify determinants of co-contraction. Post-operatively it was assessed if predictor variables had changed in the same direction as co-contraction time. Findings: Patients co-contracted longer than controls, but post-operatively, differences with the healthy peers were no longer significant. Varus alignment predicted co-contraction time. No patient had post-operative varus alignment. The patients' unaffected legs were more unstable, and instability predicted co-contraction time in both legs. Post-operatively, stability normalised. Longer unaffected side co-contraction time was associated with reduced affected side kinematic variability. Post-operatively, kinematic variability had further decreased. Interpretations: Varus alignment and instability are determinants of co-contraction. The benefits of co-contraction in varus alignment require further study. Co-contraction probably increases local dynamic stability, which does not necessarily decrease the risk of falling. Unaffected side co-contraction contributed to decreasing affected side variability, but other mechanisms than co-contraction may also have played a role in decreasing variability. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Gait adaptations in low back pain patients with lumbar disc herniation: Trunk coordination and arm swing

Patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP) walk with more synchronous (in-phase) horizontal pelvis and thorax rotations than controls. Low thorax-pelvis relative phase in these patients appears to result from in-phase motion of the thorax with the legs, which was hypothesized to affect arm swing. In the present study, gait kinematics were compared between LBP patients with lumbar disc herniation and healthy controls during treadmill walking at different speeds and with different step lengths. Movements of legs, arms, and trunk were recorded. The patients walked with larger pelvis rotations than healthy controls, and with lower relative phase between pelvis and thorax horizontal rotations, specifically when taking large steps. They did so by rotating the thorax more in-phase with the pendular movements of the legs, thereby limiting the amplitudes of spine rotation. In the patients, arm swing was out-of phase with the leg, as in controls. Consequently, the phase relationship between thorax rotations and arm swing was altered in the patients. © The Author(s) 2010

The ozonation effect on flocculation and polymer consumption reduction in the hybrid treatment of Iran Central iron ore companies' effluent: a cost–benefit study

Abstract Iran's most important iron ore mine is located in the central region, and because of the water shortage in this area, the need to reuse the effluent from this mine is essential. On the other hand, there are no suitable conditions for treating large effluent volumes in iron mine in central Iran. For this reason, produced effluent should be reduced and returned to the consumption cycle by using appropriate technology. This study aimed to investigate the ozonation/lime effect on polymer consumption reduction and evaluate the treatment and economic efficiency compared to the currently used treatment method (coagulation-flocculation without ozonation/lime). The use of ozonation along with the coagulation and flocculation process has been an effective factor in reducing all the studied indicators, which has been a much more significant reduction effect for turbidity (95%), decreasing from 374-350NTU in the non-ozonation process to 110-160NTU, and Chemical oxygen demand (37%). In addition to increasing the treatment efficiency, the hybrid ozonation/coagulation and flocculation process reduced operation costs. The ozonation process caused the high-level conversion of Fe2+ and Al2+ to Fe3+ and Al3+ (> 90%), thus it improved wastewater treatment and increased cost benefit. The hybrid process was affected in improving the effluent quality and reducing the produced sludge volume. The ozonation process caused sludge volume reduction or has photocatalytic effect on it. It effected the micro-sized bubbles production reduction in sludge volume unit. However, estimating the cost–benefit of using this method can be beneficial in making the final decision on whether to use it or not

Determinants of co-contraction during walking before and after arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis patients co-contract in knee-related muscle pairs during walking. The determinants of this co-contraction remain insufficiently clear. Methods: A heterogeneous group of 14 patients was measured before and one year after knee arthroplasty, and compared to 12 healthy peers and 15 young subjects, measured once. Participants walked on a treadmill at several imposed speeds. Bilateral activity of six muscles was registered electromyographically, and cocontraction time was calculated as percentage of stride cycle time. Local dynamic stability and variability of sagittal plane knee movements were determined. The surgeon's assessment of alignment was used. Preoperatively, multivariate regressions on co-contraction time were used to identify determinants of cocontraction. Post-operatively it was assessed if predictor variables had changed in the same direction as co-contraction time. Findings: Patients co-contracted longer than controls, but post-operatively, differences with the healthy peers were no longer significant. Varus alignment predicted co-contraction time. No patient had post-operative varus alignment. The patients' unaffected legs were more unstable, and instability predicted co-contraction time in both legs. Post-operatively, stability normalised. Longer unaffected side co-contraction time was associated with reduced affected side kinematic variability. Post-operatively, kinematic variability had further decreased. Interpretations: Varus alignment and instability are determinants of co-contraction. The benefits of cocontraction in varus alignment require further study. Co-contraction probably increases local dynamic stability, which does not necessarily decrease the risk of falling. Unaffected side co-contraction contributed to decreasing affected side variability, but other mechanisms than co-contraction may also have played a role in decreasing variability

Association of Promoter Region Polymorphisms of IL-6 and IL-18 Genes with Risk of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association of promoter region polymorphisms at IL-6 and IL-18 genes with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) risk. Methods: An electronic search of the PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge and CNKI databases was performed to identify eligible studies up to May 30, 2019. Results: A total of 31 case-control studies were finally selected. Significant associations with the risk of RPL were detected for the IL-6 -174 G > C, -634 G > C and IL-18 -137 G > C polymorphisms in overall population. Further, subgroup analyses by ethnicity revealed that the IL-6 -174 G > C and -634 G > C polymorphisms were significantly associated with risk of RPL risk in Asians. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the IL-6 -174 G > C, -634 G > C and IL-18 -137 G > C polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility of RPL. The IL-18 -607 C > A polymorphism does not appear to influence the development of RPL. © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

The effects of knee arthroplasty on walking speed: A meta-analysis

Abstract Background Patients with knee osteoarthritis patients have problems with walking, and tend to walk slower. An important aim of knee arthroplasty is functional recovery, which should include a post-operative increase in walking speed. Still, there are several problems with measuring walking speed in groups of knee osteoarthritis patients. Nevertheless, test-retest reliability of walking speed measurements is high, and when the same investigators monitor the same subjects, it should be possible to assess the walking speed effects of knee arthroplasty. The present study reports a meta-analysis of these effects. Methods A total of 16 independent pre-post arthroplasty comparisons of walking speed were identified through MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PEDro, in 12 papers, involving 419 patients. Results For 0.5–5 months post-operatively, heterogeneity was too large to obtain a valid estimate of the overall effect-size. For 6–12 and 13–60 months post-operatively, heterogeneity was absent, low, or moderate (depending on estimated pre-post correlations). During these periods, subjects walked on average 0.8 standard-deviations faster than pre-operatively, which is a large effect. Meta-regression analysis revealed significant effects of time and time squared, suggesting initial improvement followed by decline. Conclusion This meta-analysis revealed a large effect of arthroplasty on walking speed 6–60 months post-operatively. For the first 0.5–5 months, heterogeneity of effect-sizes precluded a valid estimate of short-term effects. Hence, patients may expect a considerable improvement of their walking speed, which, however, may take several months to occur. Meta-regression analysis suggested a small decline from 13 months post-operatively onwards.</p