An Assorted Design for Joint Monitoring of Process Parameters: An Efficient Approach for Fuel Consumption

Due to high fuel consumption, we face the problem of not only the increased cost, but it also affects greenhouse gas emission. This paper presents an assorted approach for monitoring fuel consumption in trucks with the objective to minimize fuel consumption. We propose a control charting structure for joint monitoring of mean and dispersion parameters based on the well-known max approach. The proposed joint assorted chart is evaluated through various performance measures such as average run length, extra quadratic loss, performance comparison index, and relative average run length. The comparison of the proposed chart is carried out with existing control charts, including a combination of X and S, the maximum exponentially weighted moving average (Max-EWMA), combined mixed exponentially weighted moving average-cumulative sum (CMEC), maximum double exponentially weighted average (MDEWMA), and combined mixed double EWMA-CUSUM (CMDEC) charts. The implementation of the proposed chart is presented using real data regarding the monitoring of fuel consumption in trucks. The outcomes revealed that the joint assorted chart is very efficient to detect different kinds of shifts in process behaviors and has superior performance than its competitor charts.Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, King Fahd University of Petroleum and MineralsScopu

O papel da justiça organizacional para desenvolver o comportamento de cidadania organizacional: efeito moderador da ética do trabalho islâmico

This paper aims to examine and test the role of organizational justice (distributive, procedural & interactional) to develop and promote organizational citizenship in Pakistani financial institutions under moderation effect of Islamic work ethics on the concepts of social exchange, equity and meta/normative ethics theories. In order to pledge the riven opinion on the relationship of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior in the existing literature, Islamic work ethics has been inducted as a moderator. The population of the study is the 19 Financial Institutions of Pakistan and data were collected through a survey based 230 questionnaires. PLS was employed to analyze the data and post analysis; it has been established that all three forms of organizational justice are playing a role in the development of organizational citizenship behavior with varying level of impact and interestingly interactional justice is more dominating. Islamic work ethics has no moderation part in the relationship of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Islamic work ethics is autonomous character for organizational citizenship behavior development. The study has significant contribution to the existing literature available on all the constructs. The imminent studies may expand its scope.Este documento tiene como objetivo examinar y probar el papel de la justicia organizacional (distributiva, procesal e interactiva) para desarrollar y promover la ciudadanía organizacional en las instituciones financieras pakistaníes bajo el efecto moderador de la ética laboral islámica sobre los conceptos de intercambio social, equidad y teorías de ética meta / normativa. Para garantizar la opinión dividida sobre la relación entre la justicia organizacional y el comportamiento de la ciudadanía organizacional en la literatura existente, la ética laboral islámica ha sido incorporada como moderadora. La población de estudio son las 19 instituciones financieras de Pakistán y los datos se recopilaron a través de una encuesta basada en 230 cuestionarios. PLS se empleó para analizar los datos y el análisis posterior; se ha establecido que las tres formas de justicia organizacional desempeñan un papel en el desarrollo del comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional con diferentes niveles de impacto y, curiosamente, la justicia interactiva es más dominante. La ética laboral islámica no tiene una parte moderada en la relación entre la justicia organizacional y el comportamiento de la ciudadanía organizacional. La ética laboral islámica es de carácter autónomo para el desarrollo del comportamiento de la ciudadanía organizacional. El estudio tiene una contribución significativa a la literatura existente disponible en todos los constructos. Los estudios inminentes pueden ampliar su alcance.Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar e testar o papel da justiça organizacional (distributiva, processual e interacional) para desenvolver e promover a cidadania organizacional nas instituições financeiras paquistanesas sob efeito moderador da ética do trabalho islâmico nos conceitos de teorias de troca social, eqüidade e ética meta / normativa. . A fim de prometer a opinião distorcida sobre a relação entre a justiça organizacional e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional na literatura existente, a ética do trabalho islâmico foi introduzida como moderadora. A população do estudo é a 19 Instituições Financeiras do Paquistão e os dados foram coletados através de uma pesquisa baseada em 230 questionários. PLS foi empregado para analisar os dados e pós análise, foi estabelecido que todas as três formas de justiça organizacional estão desempenhando um papel no desenvolvimento do comportamento de cidadania organizacional com nível variável de impacto e a justiça interessantemente interacional é mais dominante. A ética do trabalho islâmico não tem parte moderadora na relação entre a justiça organizacional e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional. A ética islâmica do trabalho é um caráter autônomo para o desenvolvimento do comportamento de cidadania organizacional. O estudo tem contribuição significativa para a literatura existente disponível sobre todos os construtos. Os estudos iminentes podem ampliar seu escopo

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Rahman” is provided in this record*

On designing an assorted control charting approach to monitor process dispersion: an application to hard-bake process

The monitoring of process variability is an important feature to get optimal output from a process. Control charts are vital tools used for efficient process monitoring. The commonly used types of charts include Shewhart, cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts. This study focuses on dispersion control charts using some efficient transformation for small and medium instabilities. We intend to propose an assorted method to monitor a range of disturbances in process dispersion, using the well-known max approach. We have used several measures to evaluate the suggested assorted control chart. Based on these measures, we have compared the proposed assorted method with many existing charts. The study proposal outperforms the existing counterparts in detecting various amounts of shifts in process dispersion. Finally, a real-life application of the proposed chart is demonstrated to monitor the flow width measurements in a hard-bake process.The work was partially sponsored by Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, through project # IN171007. Authors Nasir Abbas, Usman Saeed and Muhammad Riaz are thankful to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for providing excellent research facilities.Scopu

N-(2-Hy­droxy-1,1-dimethyl­eth­yl)­benzene­sulfonamide

In the title mol­ecule, C10H15NO3S, the S atom is bonded in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the mol­ecules to form a two-dimensional network parallel to (100). The 2-methyl­propan-1-ol group is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.570 (3) and 0.430 (3)

N-(2-Hy­droxy-1,1-dimethyl­eth­yl)-4-methyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the title mol­ecule, C11H17NO3S, the S atom has a distorted tetra­hedral geometry [maximum deviation: O—S—O = 119.08 (9)°]. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers of mol­ecules aligned parallel to (110). The 2-methyl­propan-1-ol group of the mol­ecule is disordered over two positions with an 0.592 (4):0.408 (4) occupancy ratio

Rates of publication of FCPS dissertations in international and national peer-review journals among residents at AKUH; A cross sectional review of 15 years

Objective: To see the rate of publication of postgraduate residents\u27 dissertation. Methods: The single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised research publications from the residents of the departments of Surgery and Medicine who graduated between 2005 and 2020. The surgical subspecialties included Otolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Paediatric Surgery, Urology, Plastic Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery. Data comprised demographics, current institution, current designation, information on dissertation/paper publication, topic of study, year of completion of dissertation, input from the research department, delay in exam due to incomplete dissertation and whether the paper got published in national or international journal. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Of the 103 subjects, 70(68%) were males and 33(32%) were females, while 73(70.8%) belonged to surgical specialties and 30(29.2%) were from non-surgical specialties. Of the 22(22.9%) who were able to convert, 12(54.5%) publications were carried by national peer-reviewed journals, while 10(45.4%) were carried by international journals; 9(40.9%) unpaid peer review journals and 13(59.1%) paid journals. Delay in exam due to incomplete dissertation was faced by only 16(16.6%) candidates. Conclusions: The rate of publication for resident dissertation was found to be low

Bayesian Monitoring of Linear Profiles Using DEWMA Control Structures with Random X

The process structures of manufacturing industry are efficiently modeled using linear profiles. Classical and Bayesian set-ups are two well-appreciated schemes for designing control charts for the monitoring of process structures. Mostly in profiles monitoring the independent variables along with the process parameters are assumed fixed. There are manufacturing processes where these conditions may not hold. The advancement in technology and day-to-day changes in process structures caused the parametric uncertainty along with variability in explanatory variables. This paper considered the case of random X and assumes different conjugate and non-conjugate priors to handle parametric uncertainty using double exponentially weighted moving average (DEWMA) control charts. Three univariate DEWMA charts are designed for the monitoring of Y-intercepts, slopes, and error variances. The average run length criterion has been used to evaluate the proposed and competing charts. The wide spread relative study identifies that the proposed Bayesian DEWMA control charts are better than the competing charts based on early detection of out-of-control profiles, particularly for smaller value shifts. The Bayesian DEWMA charts using conjugate priors are the quickest in all as they take less sample points to show out-of-control profile. A case study has been considered to further justify the superiority of Bayesian DEWMA charts over competing charts. 2013 IEEE.The work of S. A. Abbasi was supported by the Qatar University under Project QUST-1-CAS-2018-41.Scopu