Uni and Simplex Optimization for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Erythromycin ethylsuccinate Drug via Charge-Transfer Complex Formation

Charge transfer complex formation method has been applied for the spectrophotometric determination of erythromycin ethylsuccinate, in bulk sample and dosage form. The method was accurate, simple, rapid, inexpensive and sensitive depending on the formed charge- transfer complex between cited drug and, 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p- benzoquinone (DDQ) as a chromogenic reagent. The formed complex shows absorbance maxima at 587 nm against reagent blank. The calibration graph is linear in the ranges of (10 - 110) µg.mL-1 with detection limit of 0.351µg.mL-1. The results show the absence of interferences from the excipients on the determination of the drug. Therefore the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of erythromycin ethylsuccinate in pharmaceutical preparations. Keywords: Simplex, Spectrophotometric, Erythromycin ethylsuccinate , Charge- transfer

Leadership Responsibility in the International Criminal Law

العديد من الانتقادات والخلافات تتعلق بعنصر الخطأ المعادل لمسؤولية القيادة. اتجاه المحاكم المتخصصة السابقة هو "كان لها سبب للمعرفة"، في حين أن اتجاه المحكمة الجنائية الدولية للقادة "كان يجب أن يعرف". هل هذه الاتجاهات متشابهة أو مختلفة؟ أيهما من الناحية العقائدية "صحيح" أو "أفضل" من الناحية المعيارية؟ تعتمد الإجابات جزئيًا على النزاعات ذات الصلة. أحدهما هو المساهمة السببية: هل يجب أن يشجع تقصير الرئيس أو يسهل جرائم المرؤوس؟ آخر هو طبيعة مسؤولية القيادة، التي أصبحت أيضًا لغزًا: هل هي نوع من المسؤولية، أو جريمة منفصلة، أو شيء جديد تمامًا؟ ويمكن تبسيط مسؤولية القيادة بشكل كبير. إذ سنبحث على المساهمة السببية. كون بحثنا بأن المحكمتين قد ارتكبتا خطأً مبكرًا عندما رفضتا، بناءً على تفكير متسرع، شرط المساهمة السببية.The ICC’s test of leaders "should have known". Are these tests the same or different? Which is "correct" or "better" from the normative point of view? The answers depend in part on the disputes involved. One is the causal contribution: Should the superior’s default encourage or facilitate the subordinate’s crimes? Another is the nature of command responsibility, which has also become a mystery: is it a kind of responsibility, a separate crime, or something entirely new? Driving responsibility can be greatly simplified. Where we will examine the causal contribution. Our research established that the two courts made a mistake early when, based on hasty reasoning, they rejected the causal contribution requirement. &nbsp

TREATMENT OF A HIGH STRENGTH ACIDIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL WASTEWATER USING EXPANDED BED ADSORBER

Treatment of a high strength acidic industrial wastewater was attempted by activated carbon adsorption to evaluate the feasibility of yielding effluents of reusable qualities. The experimental methods which were employed in this investigation included batch and column studies. The former was used to evaluate the rate and equilibrium of carbon adsorption, while the latter was used to determine treatment efficiencies and performance characteristics. Fixed bed and expanded bed adsorbers were constructed in the column studies. In this study, the adsorption behavior of acetic acid onto activated carbon was examined as a function of the concentration of the adsorbate, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption data was modeled with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.The amount of acetic acid adsorbed increased with the decrease in initial concentration of acetic acid and increased with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose. The effects of various important and influencing parameters such as flow rate, bed height, inlet adsorbate concentration on breakthrough curve are studied in details in the column studies

Isolation and Identification of Nocardia spp. from the local soils in diyala province

Background: Nocardia spp. belongs to the family Nocardiaceae , are obligatory aerobic, Gram-positive ,non-spore forming, and non-motile ,actinomycete that form filamentous branched cells normally are saprophytes of soil, Nocardia is a rare bacterial opportunistic known for its ability to cause a wide range of clinical diseases in humans and animal                         Objective:To using phenotypic methods from soil samples of Diyala province and study  resistance of to some antibiotic. Patients and Methods: Collected ( 50 ) soil samples from the various regions of diyala province  The samples included various ecosystems, rural areas and urban areas and culture of samples on the media trypton soya agar which containing 5μg / mL tetracycline, 50μg / ml nystatin and 5% NaCl, and diagnosed according to colonial characteristics microscopic examination, biochemical tests isolates were selected to measure their resistance to some of,   the antibiotic. Results: In the rural area had the highest positive growth. 15samples (60%) showed positive growth and 10 samples (40%).showed negative growth in as for the urban area, only two samples (8%) showed positive growth and 23 samples (92%) showed negative growth of bacterial, In this study,isolation  different types of Nocardia spp. from soil in different areas of diyala province, and used trypton soya agar (TSA) medium containing two antibiotics tetracycline and nystatin, It was the highest percentage of antibiotic resistance in against antibiotic Tobramycin which reached (38.40%) while  was the lowest percentage resistance in the antibiotic Gentamicin which reached (15.30%). Conclusion: Due to pathogenicity and species diversity of Nocardia, using phenotypic tests are essential for identification of Nocardia species. Isolation and identification of Nocardia spp. from soil of different regions can help to enhance our understanding of epidemiological and ecological of the pathogenic Nocardia species. The isolation of species  resistance to antibiotic   means that they have a predisposition to the pathogenesis of the human

Bladder Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report

Background: Bladder adenocarcinoma (AC) is a rare histological variant and research on the best ways to treat it is scant. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 70-year-old woman who has had hematuria for the past month with no history of serious illness. She visited a urologist, who performed a cystoscopy on her as a result. A urinary bladder adenocarcinoma was discovered in a biopsy. Complete investigations revealed no metastasis. The patient was considered for a partial cystectomy, according to the results of the MRI. She underwent the surgery, which was followed by concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. She underwent multiple reevaluations, and her case was stable after about a year of follow-up. Conclusions: With the best surgical outcomes, the choice to perform a partial cystectomy was appropriate given the tumor\u27s location. However, a lengthy follow-up is required

OPTIMUM MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER PUMPING BY USING SIMULATED ANNEALING TECHNIQUE

A two dimensional mathematical model is developed to simulate a groundwater flow regime of the upper part of Quaternary Deposites, in the Teeb area, Missan province. The optimum management of groundwater flow is developed by a linking simulation-optimization model. In this study, MODFLOW, 98 packages are used to simulate the groundwater flow system in unconfined aquifer. This model is integrated with an optimization model (Modular Groundwater optimizer) which is based on the simulated annealying (SA). Fixed well location case was undertaken by running the model with adopted calibrated parameters. The optimum value of pumping rate estimated through this study is (108320 m3/day), this value is compared with another previous work which based on genetic algorithm GA for the same area. The results of comparison showed that the optimum value obtained by SA is higher than the one obtained from GA by 18.35% for the same piezometric head draw down that indicate, the SA gives higher value than GA in this study

The Optimal Train Reference - A Simplified ERTMS Data Analysis

Den optimale togreferansen - en forenklet ERTMS-dataanalyse er en bacheloroppgave utført av en student innen ingeniørfag - data. Prosjektet var gitt av Abraham Mosy, en senior ingeniør i Bane NOR, som er et statlig selskap ansvarlig for den nasjonale jernbaneinfrastrukturen. Hensikten med prosjektet var å forenkle deler av dataanalyseprosessen til det nye databaserte jernbanekontroll- og trafikkstyringssystemet, ERTMS. Målet med denne forenklingen var hovedsakelig relatert til detektering av uønskede hendelser og avvik, i tillegg til feil og svakheter i toget eller systemet. Som et resultat av prosjektet ble analyseprogramvare og algoritmer, hovedsakelig ment for sammenligning av data, utviklet. De endelige resultatene besto av to deler. En referansedel, som handlet om å finne og lagre et referansetog for hver toglinje, som deretter brukes som en "optimal togrute" for sammenligning med andre togturer av samme toglinje. En visualiseringsdel, som handlet om å utvikle en web-basert applikasjon for visualisering og sammenligning av togdata. Denne oppgaven fokuserer på planlegging og utviklingsprosessen av programvaren og algoritmer, og dekker ulike aspekter av prosjektet, inkludert relevant teoretisk grunnlag, metodologier og teknologier som var brukt. Resultatene, funnene og usikkerhetene til det endelige utviklede produktet blir også diskutert på slutten av oppgaven

Experimental Study for the Influence of Operating Parameters on Copper Electrorefining Process

Copper electrodeposition by electrorefining process in acidic sulfate media contains 40 g/l of cupric ions and 160 g/l of sulfuric acid was achieved to study the influence of the operating parameters on cathode purity, surface morphology, deposition rate, current efficiency and power consumption. These operating parameters and there ranges are: current density 200, 300 and 400 A/m2, electrolyte temperature 35, 50 and 65 oC, electrodes spacing 15, 30 and 45 mm and electrolyte residence time 6, 4 and 2 h were utilized. XRF, SEM and EDX analyses were attained to clarify the properties of the produced cathode

Modeling and simulation of an ideal plug flow reactor for synthesis of ethyl oleate using homogeneous acid catalyst

The production of ethyl oleate, by homogenous acid esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, have discussed experimentally and via computational simulation in a plug flow reactor. An innovative simulation model has developed to predict the esterification reaction performance in an ideal plug flow reactor. The amount of H2SO4 acid catalyst, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, reaction temperature, and esterification time have examined their effects on ethyl oleate production and the conversion of oleic acid. Then the simulation extended to examine the esterification reaction kinetics and determine the reaction rate coefficients. The simulation results demonstrate that the increasing of H2SO4 acid, initial molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, and reaction temperature improved the productivity of the ethyl oleate and reduced the reactor space-time. The kinetics results illustrated that the reaction sensitivity to the temperature unchanging by using higher ethanol concentration and alcohol to oleic acid initial ratio. Lastly, the experimental yields at different conditions were slightly higher from those simulating with average values of 93.62 and 92.29%, respectively, indicating that the phenomenon of back-mixing cannot be ignored in esterification reactors, especially with a relatively high retention time within the reactor