One Arctic - One Health

One Health takes a multidisciplinary approach to health risks and risk mitigation for humans, animals, plants and the environment, with the understanding that human health welfare is dependent on ecosystem health. The U.S. and Canada started the One Health project under the Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) of the Arctic Council in 2015, Finland joined the project as a colead in 2017. This report is a summary of the Finnish activities and achievements in the One Arctic - One Health project during the Finnish Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The main actions included the One Arctic - One Health conference in Oulu, establishment of the TremArctic network, and two published Systematic Review papers and two manuscripts. There were also joint sessions and presentations in scientific conferences, seminars and workshops, and joint meetings and collaboration with the other Arctic Council Working Groups, the University of the Arctic, other organisations, and scientific projects. The report concludes with some updated proposals for further work, based on previous works and reflecting progress over the past two years. The Finnish One Arctic - One Health team consisted of scientists from the University of Oulu, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), University of Helsinki and the Finnish Food Authority. This work was supported by the grant of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Yhteisen terveyden (One Health) perusajatus on, että ihmisten, eläinten, kasvien ja ympäristön terveys on toisistaan riippuvaista, ainakin niin, että sairaassa ympäristössä ei ihminenkään voi olla hyvinvoiva. Yhdysvaltain johtaessa puhetta Arktisessa neuvostossa, USA ja Kanada aloittivat kestävän kehityksen työryhmän (SDWG) alaisuudessa One Health -hankkeen, jonka johtoon Suomi liittyi toimiessaan Arktisen neuvoston puheenjohtajana 2017-2019. Tämä raportti on yhteenveto Suomen toimista ja saavutuksista puheenjohtajakaudellaan. Tärkeimmät toimet olivat One Arctic - One Health -konferenssi Oulussa, TremArctic-verkoston toiminnan aloittaminen, kaksi julkaistua laajaa systemaattista katsausta ja kaksi käsikirjoitusta. Lisäksi Suomen työryhmä osallistui tieteellisiin konferensseihin, seminaareihin ja työpajoihin, sekä yhteisiin kokouksiin ja muuhun yhteistyöhön Arktisen neuvoston muiden työryhmien kanssa. Raportti sisältää myös päivitettyjä jatkotoimenpide-ehdotuksia, jotka perustuvat aikaisempaan työhön ja viimeisten kahden vuoden aikana tapahtuneeseen kehitykseen. Suomen Yksi Arktis – yhteinen terveys -työryhmä koostui asiantuntijoista Oulun yliopistosta, Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksesta, Helsingin yliopistosta ja Ruokavirastosta. Hanketta rahoitti Suomen ulkoministeriö.Grundprincipen till One Health -tänkandet är att människohälsa, djurhälsa, planthälsa och ekosystemhälsa är nära besläktade. I alla fall så att människans välfärd kräver frisk natur. Under det amerikanska ordförandeskapet i Arktiska rådet inledde USA och Kanada One Health -projektet i regi av arbetsgruppen för hållbar utveckling (Sustainable Development Working Group, SDWG). Finland gick med i ledningen av projektet under Finland ordförandeskap 2017-2019. Denna rapport är en sammanfattning av finska åtgärder och resultat under Finlands ordförandeskap. De mest viktiga handlingarna var arrangerandet av One Arctic - One Health – konferensen i Uleåborg, startandet av TremArctic-nätverket, publiceringen av två systematiska litteraturöversikter och produceringen av två vetenskapliga manuskript. I tillägg deltog den finska arbetsgruppen i vetenskapliga konferenser, seminar och verkstäder med gemensamma sessioner och presentationer. Vidare hade man gemensamma möter samt annat samarbete med andra arbetsgrupper under Arktiska rådet. Rapporten innehåller också uppdaterade förslag till för ytterligare åtgärder baserade på tidigare arbeten och utvecklingen under Finland ordförandeskap. Finlands One Arctic – One Health - arbetsgrupp bestod av forskare från Uleåborgs universitet, Institutet för hälsa och välfärd, Helsingfors universitet, samt Livsmedelsverket. Projektet fick finansiering från det finska utrikesministeriet

Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU

A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority

Investigating the relationship between non-occupational pesticide exposure and metabolomic biomarkers

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because NFBC data is available from the University of Oulu, Infrastructure for Population Studies. Permission to use the data can be applied for research purposes via an electronic material request portal. In the use of data, we follow the EU general data protection regulation (679/2016) and Finnish Data Protection Act. The use of personal data is based on cohort participant’s written informed consent at his/her latest follow-up study, which may cause limitations to its use. Please, contact the NFBC project center ([email protected]) and visit the cohort website (www.oulu.fi/nfbc) or Fairdata.fi (http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:att:bc1e5408-980e-4a62-b899-43bec3755243) for additional information. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to NFBC project center ([email protected]).The relationship between pesticide exposures and metabolomics biomarkers is not well understood. We examined the changes in the serum metabolome (early biomarkers) and the metabolic pathways associated with various pesticide exposure scenarios (OPE: overall exposure, PEM: exposure in months, PEY: exposure in years, and PEU: reported specific pesticides use) using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 31-year cross-sectional examination. We utilized questionnaire data on pesticide exposures and serum samples for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics analyses. For exposures and metabolites associations, participants size varied between 2,361 and 5,035. To investigate associations between metabolomics biomarkers and exposure to pesticide scenarios compared to those who reported no exposures multivariable regression analyses stratified by sex and adjustment with covariates (season of pesticide use, socioeconomic position (SEP), alcohol consumption, BMI, and latitude of residence) were performed. Multiple testing by Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction applied. Pesticide exposures differed by sex, season of pesticide use, alcohol, SEP, latitude of residence. Our results showed that all pesticide exposure scenarios were negatively associated with decreased HDL concentrations across all lipoprotein subclasses in women. OPE, PEY, and PEU were associated with decreased branched-chain amino acid concentrations in men and decreased albumin concentrations in women. OPE, PEY and PEU were also associated with changes in glycolysis metabolites and ketone bodies in both sexes. Specific pesticides exposure was negatively associated with sphingolipids and inflammatory biomarkers in men. In women, OPE, PEM, and PEU were associated with decreased apolipoprotein A1 and increased apolipoprotein B/ apolipoprotein A1 ratio. Our findings suggest that identification of early biomarkers of disease risk related to pesticide exposures can inform strategies to reduce exposure and investigate causal pathways. Women may be more susceptible to non-occupational pesticide exposures when compared to men, and future sexspecific studies are warranted.The project EDCMET has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme; Academy of Finland; the Medical Research Council (MRC) UK; Medical Research Council Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council PREcisE [Nutrition & Epigenome, The Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life] and Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation. Core funding for data generation and curation from University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland; and ERDF European Regional Development Fund.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health#am2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

A children’s health perspective on nano- and microplastics

BACKGROUND : Pregnancy, infancy, and childhood are sensitive windows for environmental exposures. Yet the health effects of exposure to nano- and microplastics (NMPs) remain largely uninvestigated or unknown. Although plastic chemicals are a well-established research topic, the impacts of plastic particles are unexplored, especially with regard to early life exposures. OBJECTIVES : This commentary aims to summarize the knowns and unknowns around child- and pregnancy-relevant exposures to NMPs via inhalation, placental transfer, ingestion and breastmilk, and dermal absorption. METHODS : A comprehensive literature search to map the state of the science on NMPs found 37 primary research articles on the health relevance of NMPs during early life and revealed major knowledge gaps in the field. We discuss opportunities and challenges for quantifying child-specific exposures (e.g., NMPs in breastmilk or infant formula) and health effects, in light of global inequalities in baby bottle use, consumption of packaged foods, air pollution, hazardous plastic disposal, and regulatory safeguards. We also summarize research needs for linking child health and NMP exposures and address the unknowns in the context of public health action. DISCUSSION : Few studies have addressed child-specific sources of exposure, and exposure estimates currently rely on generic assumptions rather than empirical measurements. Furthermore, toxicological research on NMPs has not specifically focused on child health, yet children’s immature defense mechanisms make them particularly vulnerable. Apart from few studies investigating the placental transfer of NMPs, the physicochemical properties (e.g., polymer, size, shape, charge) driving the absorption, biodistribution, and elimination in early life have yet to be benchmarked. Accordingly, the evidence base regarding the potential health impacts of NMPs in early life remains sparse. Based on the evidence to date, we provide recommendations to fill research gaps, stimulate policymakers and industry to address the safety of NMPs, and point to opportunities for families to reduce early life exposures to plastic.The European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant.https://ehp.niehs.nih.govdm2022School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Cohort Profile: Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study

The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study was established to assess the prevalence of chronic airflow obstruction, a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and its risk factors in adults (≥40 years) from general populations across the world. The baseline study was conducted between 2003 and 2016, in 41 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, the Caribbean and Oceania, and collected high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry from 28 828 participants. The follow-up study was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in 18 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Caribbean. At baseline, there were in these sites 12 502 participants with high-quality spirometry. A total of 6452 were followed up, with 5936 completing the study core questionnaire. Of these, 4044 also provided high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. On both occasions, the core questionnaire covered information on respiratory symptoms, doctor diagnoses, health care use, medication use and ealth status, as well as potential risk factors. Information on occupation, environmental exposures and diet was also collected

Metabolism and interactions of pesticides in human and animal <em>in vitro</em> hepatic models

Abstract Risk assessment of chemicals needs reliable scientific information and one source of information is the characterization of the metabolic fate and toxicokinetics of a chemical. Metabolism is often the most important factor contributing to toxicokinetics. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are a superfamily of microsomal proteins playing a pivotal role in xenobiotic metabolism. In the present study, pesticides were used as representative xenobiotics since exposure to pesticides is a global challenge to risk assessment. Human and animal in vitro hepatic models were applied with the advantage of novel analytical techniques (LC/TOF-MS and LC/MS-MS) to elucidate the in vitro metabolism and interaction of selected pesticides. The results of these studies demonstrate that CYP enzymes catalyze the bioactivation of profenofos, diuron and carbosulfan into their more toxic metabolites desthiopropylprofenofos, N-demethyldiuron and carbofuran, respectively. The suspected carcinogenic metabolite of metalaxyl, 2,6-dimethylaniline, was not detected. CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 activities may be important in determining the toxicity arising from exposure to profenofos and carbosulfan. Individuals with high CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 activities might be more susceptible to diuron toxicity. Qualitative results of in vitro metabolism were generally in agreement with the results obtained from the published in vivo data, at least for the active chemical moiety and major metabolites. Considerable differences in the quantities of the metabolites produced within the species, as well as in the ratios of the metabolites among the species, were observed. These findings illustrate that in vitro screening of qualitative and quantitative differences are needed to provide a firm basis for interspecies and in vitro-in vivo extrapolations. Based on our findings, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation based on the elucidation of the in vitro metabolic pattern of pesticides in human and animal hepatic models could be a good model for understanding and extending the results of pesticides metabolism studies to human health risk assessment

Diagnosis and Surgical correction of salivary affections in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis); a retrospective study

Abstract Aim This study aimed to describe the diagnosis and treatment of various surgical salivary affections in buffaloes. Materials and methods This study included 135 buffaloes examined at Dakahlia Governorate between 2011 and 2022 suffering from various surgical salivary affections. The recorded surgical affections had salivary fistula (n = 44), ectasia of Stenson’s duct (n = 11), ranula/mucocele (n = 46), and cervical sialocele (n = 34). The buffaloes were sedated using an intramuscular injection of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg) and local infiltration analgesia of lidocaine for specific surgical interventions. Results The salivary duct fistula cases were surgically corrected using a retrograde infusion of povidone-iodine into the duct and its double ligation with Prolene following fistulectomy. Intraoral marsupialization was done in buffaloes suffering from ectasia of the parotid duct. The mucocele /ranula was surgically incised with daily flushing with povidone-iodine. The cervical sialocele was treated by giving an elliptical excision on the sialocele, and sialoadenectomy of the mandibular salivary gland was performed to facilitate dynamic fluid/saliva drainage. A 92.5% of diseased buffaloes showed an uneventful recovery without any postoperative complications after the first treatment, whereas 7.5% of animals tended to recur. The most common and almost equally distributed salivary affections recorded in adult buffaloes were parotid duct fistula, mucocele, and cervical sialocele. The Stenson’s duct ectasia was commonly registered in calves, being congenital. Conclusion Ranula was the most common salivary affection encountered in adult buffaloes, closely followed by parotid duct fistulae and cervical sialoceles. Stenson’s duct ectasia was the least encountered salivary affection in calves and was congenital. All salivary affections were corrected easily and safely, with satisfactory outcomes

Chloro-s-triazines-toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, human exposure, and regulatory considerations

Abstract Chloro-s-triazines-atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and terbuthylazine-are structurally similar herbicides, differing only in specific s-triazine4-and 6-N alkyl substituents. It is generally regarded that their toxicokinetics, such as, metabolic pathways, biological effects and toxicities, also share more similar features than the differences. Consequently, it is useful to compare their characteristics to potentially find useful structure-activity relationships or other similarities or differences regarding different active compounds, their metabolites, and biological effects including toxic outcomes. The ultimate goal of these exercises is to apply the summarized knowledge-as far as it is possible regarding a patchy and often inadequate database-to cross the in vitro-in vivo and animal-human borders and integrate the available data to enhance toxicological risk assessment for the benefit of humans and ecosystems