Evolutsioonilised seosed taimede konkureerimiskäitumise ning naabrite identiteedi ja esinemissageduse vahel parasvöötme niidukooslustes

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneTaimed on paikse eluviisiga ning võivad reageerida välistingimustele morfoloogilise plastilisuse abil. Plastilised reaktsioonid ilmnevad mitte ainult eluta loodusele, vaid ka naabertaimede identiteedile (liigikaaslastele või teiste liikide esindajatele, sugulastele või mittesugulastele). Koosluses toimuvad evolutsioonilised protsessid võivad vormida taimeliigi plastilisust juhul kui paljude põlvkondade jooksul ümbritsevad taimeliiki teatud identiteediga naabrid. Minu doktoritöö aluseks oli meeskonnatöö, milles uuriti seitset Eesti poollooduslikku niitu ja viidi läbi suur potikatse. Töörühma liikmena leidsin, et uuritaval taimeliigil on suurim plastilisus kui kaks naabritüüpi (liigikaaslased ja teise liigi esindajad, sugulased ja mittesugulased) on koosluses tavalised ja ümbritsevad liiki sarnase sagedusega. Samuti leidsin, et taimed võivad hoiduda konkurentsist lähisugulastega ja olla mittesugulaste suhtes agressiivsemad. Siiski rohumaa liikide seas pole sugulaste äratundmist lihtne tuvastada. Selle ilmnemine sõltub paljudest tegurites, sealhulgas naabrite kasvutihedusest. Katsest selgus, et taimede konkurentne käitumine teisest liigist naabrite suhtes oli seotud liigi paljunemis- ja levimisstrateegiaga. Seemnetega paljunevad ja kaugele levivad liigid (näiteks liblikõielised) omasid tugevamat konkurentsivõimet. Samas vegetatiivselt paljunevad liigid, mis paigutavad tütarvõsusid lähestikku ja enamasti puutuvad kokku sama liigi esindajatega, olid teiste liikide suhtes nõrgad konkurendid. Kokkuvõtvalt võib öelda, et taimeliigid kasvasid kõige paremini nende naabritega, kellega nad sageli kohtusid oma kodukoosluses. Igal kooslusel on oma kujunemislugu ja evolutsioonilised mehhanismid, mis mõjutavad taimede ruumilist paigutust, konkurentsi ning püsisuhteid naabritega. Taimede võime ära tunda oma naabreid ja reageerida neile rohkem või vähem agressiivsel moel sõltuvalt liigi paljunemisstrateegiast avardab meie arusaamist nende keerukast käitumisest.Plants are sessile organisms and can react to surrounding environment by morphological plasticity. They respond plastically not only to the abiotic environment, but also to the identity of neighbours (individuals of the same or other species, relatives or non-relatives). Plant responses to neighbours are shaped by evolutionary processes as plant species are exposed to the neighbours of a certain identity during many generations. The findings of this thesis are based on the field study of seven semi-natural grasslands in Estonia and pot experiments conducted in a common garden. We found that plants were able to discriminate between different types of neighbours (the same or another species, kin or nonkin) only when these neighbours were common in the plants’ home environment. We also found that plants could avoid competition with kin and show more aggressive behaviour towards nonkin. However, kin recognition is not easy to detect among grassland species, because it may depend on different factors, including the density of neighbours, and can elicit species-specific responses that vary in magnitude and direction. We discovered that plant ability to compete with other species varied with species reproductive strategy and dispersal. Species that reproduce by seed have a low degree of conspecific aggregation in the field (e.g., legumes) and were on average stronger competitors than species that reproduce clonally and form clumps of the same species. As a rule, plants grew better with the neighbour type that they encountered most frequently in nature. Each plant community has its own formation history and is subject to evolutionary processes that shape the patterns of species spatial distribution, neighbour recognition and species co-existence. Plants’ ability to recognize their neighbours and interact with them in a more or less aggressive manner depending on species reproductive strategy expand our understanding of the complexity of plant behaviour

Multi-Hamiltonian formulations and stability of higher-derivative extensions of 3d3d Chern-Simons

Most general third-order $3d$ linear gauge vector field theory is considered. The field equations involve, besides the mass, two dimensionless constant parameters. The theory admits two-parameter series of conserved tensors with the canonical energy-momentum being a particular representative of the series. For a certain range of the model parameters, the series of conserved tensors include bounded quantities. This makes the dynamics classically stable, though the canonical energy is unbounded in all the instances. The free third-order equations are shown to admit constrained multi-Hamiltonian form with the zero-zero components of conserved tensors playing the roles of corresponding Hamiltonians. The series of Hamiltonians includes the canonical Ostrogradski's one, which is unbounded. The Hamiltonian formulations with different Hamiltonians are not connected by canonical transformations. This means, the theory admits inequivalent quantizations at the free level. Covariant interactions are included with spinor fields such that the higher-derivative dynamics remains stable at interacting level if the bounded conserved quantity exists in the free theory. In the first-order formalism, the interacting theory remains Hamiltonian and therefore it admits quantization, though the vertices are not necessarily Lagrangian in the third-order field equations.Comment: 19 page

Application of var-models for research household liquidity effect in monetary transmission

Detailed research of monetary transmission mechanism in specific conditions of the Ukraine economy is still actual in the analysis of short-run impact of monetary policy on the real economy. Purpose of this research was to investigate the channel of monetary transmission, associated with household liquidity effect. The dynamics of the share of national currency deposits in liabilities of banking system causes the real output growth in short-run. Identified interrelations indicate the role of the banking system in formation of consumer demand.Детальне дослідження механізму монетарної трансмісії в сучасних умовах економіки України є актуальним питанням при аналізі короткострокового впливу грошово-кредитної політики на ре- альний сектор економіки. Мета цього дослідження полягала у визначенні каналів монетарної трансмісії, пов’язаних з ефектом ліквідності домогосподарств. Динаміка частки депозитів у національній валюті в пасивах банківської системи викликає реальне зростання виробництва в короткостроковій перспективі. Виявлені взаємозв’язки вказують на роль банківської системи у формуванні споживчого попиту

Dynamics of propensity to personal financial savings in the post-crisis period: case of Belarus and Ukraine

The article investigates trends in the sax’ing activity o f the population o f Belarus and Ukraine in the context o f the economic crisis and post-crisis period. The empirical analysis o f the statistical data w>as held: features offormation ofpopulation sax’ing rates in Belarus and Ukraine in the presence o f structural breaks were revealed. The main prerequisites for enhancing sax’ing activity o f the population were underlined.Статтю присвячено дослідженню тенденцій в ощадній активності населення Білорусі та України в умовах економічної кризи і посткризового періоду. Емпіричний аналіз статистичних даних дозволив виявити особливості формування норм заощадження населення цих країн в умовах наявності структурних зрушень. Було визначено основні передумови ощадної активності населення

Historical approach to the reflection of the phenomenon of a distance education

Стаття присвячена дослідженню історико-педагогічних основ феномена дистанційної освіти, аналізу подій і фактів в історії педагогічної теорії та практики, що зумовили його виникнення та розгортання. Автором запропоновано поетапну періодизацію процесу становлення нової форми освіти в контексті еволюційного розвитку теорії та практики освіти з виокремленням стадій передумови, виникнення та становлення. Ретроспективний аналіз здійснено у широкій історичній перспективі: з часів появи писемності до середини ХХ століття. У статті робиться висновок про те, що виникнення дистанційної освіти як системного соціально-педагогічного феномена явило собою результат природної еволюції теорії та практики освіти в цілому.The article deals with the historical and pedagogical basis of the phenomenon of distance education, the analysis of facts and events in the history of educational theory and practice, which led to its appearance and deployment. Author proposed a phased process of establishing a new periodization form of education in the context of evolutionary theory and practice of education with separation of background, appearance and development stages. Retrospective analysis in a broad historical perspective was carried out: from the advent of writing to the middle of the twentieth century. The article concludes that the emergence of distance education as a system-related social and pedagogical phenomenon was a result of a natural evolution of the theory and practice of education in general

Informational Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Predictors

The core problem of the COVID-19 pandemic for psychologists is to find out how people cope with the stress of isolation and the threat of fatal disease. The scale of the pandemical impact on the psychological well-being of an individual has still no knowledge and psychological predictors which the impact depends on need to be identified. This paper presents an empirical study of informational behavior and its psychological predictors in the pandemic. The research was held online in April-May 2020. The total amount of 165 participants, aged from 18 to 66. The subjects were chosen from a randomly selected sample. The participants were asked to estimate their informational consumption in pandemic. Tolerance to ambiguity, hardiness and anxiety was studied in groups distinguished according to changes in informational consumption. The findings of this study indicate a significant correlation between informational behavior and psychological characteristics related to coping with stress. Besides the analysis proved a negative correlation between reactive and personal anxiety and tolerance to ambiguity, hardiness and its components. We have confirmed that increased informational comsumption can be considered as a coping strategy for overcoming the pandemic social isolation among respondents with low hardiness and tolerance to ambiguity. Stable and decreased informational consumption indicates that respondents with high hardiness and tolerance to ambiguity and low state and trait anxiety don’t need to consume information for coping with difficulties of pandemic self-isolation. Future work will concentrate on expanding the list of psychological predictors of informational behavior and studying the features of their interaction in different situations

Psychological characteristics of the value orientation system of armenians in title ethnos and russian diaspora

The article substantiates the importance and relevance of studies on ethnic identity and value orientations, since they predetermine the assimilation of the spiritual culture of society, the formation of value orientations significantly contributes to the development of the individual. For that goal, a study was conducted with 160 bachelor and master students (ethnic Armenians and Russians living in Russia and Armenia) with a use of Twenty Statements Test and Schwartz’s Value Survey. The results of the study allowed us to describe common characteristics of the value-semantic aspect of the ethnic identity in Armenian and Russian title ethnos and diaspora. Thus, we aimed to describe of the process of identifying and assigning the values in Armenians as a dual process: the acceptance of values, the norms of the group with which a person is identified; the comparison of himself and his group with others, which has a positive impact on the cohesion of his group

SENSE-MAKING TECHNIQUES IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENTS

This study looks into psychotechnics used in education and contributing to initiating logic among students, their personal growth and characterizes psychological features of “sense-deducting”. Here you will find a review of the sense-making techniques considering as one of the categories of psychotechnics. The described techniques are based on the human psychology, they improve the quality of instruction, create a favorable and unique system of values, take into account the individual characteristics of all types of education, and influence the sense-making process development among children. Sense-making techniques are stated in the author’s classification and extended by practical methods. The study of psychological features of influence of sense-making techniques on the personality of a student lets us see new patterns in personal, subjective and “meta-subjective” results of acquiring of the school program via transformation and development of value/logic consciousness of a child. The work emphasizes that the use of sense-making techniques is effective in the educational and after-school activities of the educational organization. The achieved results make it possible to understand, to substantiate the naturalness and relevance of the sense-technical approach according to personal and academic indicators of students. In the process of competent and correct use of the semantic techniques, we see the possibility of conveying the best, productive and quality pedagogical experience, as well as the perspective of innovative developments in the psychological and pedagogical sciences. For children and adolescents, information, thanks to sense-techniques, starts to be personal in nature, knowledge is objectified, learning activity becomes an individual need