Passing the Panda Standard: A TAD Off the Mark?

Tilapia, a tropical freshwater fish native to Africa, is an increasingly important global food commodity. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), a major environmental nongovernmental organization, has established stakeholder dialogues to formulate farm certification standards that promote ‘‘responsible’’ culture practices. As a preface to its ‘‘tilapia aquaculture dialogue,’’ the WWF for Nature commissioned a review of potential certification issues, later published as a peer-reviewed article. This article contends that both the review and the draft certification standards subsequently developed fail to adequately integrate critical factors governing the relative sustainability of tilapia production and thereby miss more significant issues related to resource-use efficiency and the appropriation of ecosystem space and services. This raises a distinct possibility that subsequent certification will promote intensive systems of tilapia production that are far less ecologically benign than existing widely practiced semiintensive alternatives. Given the likely future significance of this emergent standard, it is contended that a more holistic approach to certification is essential

Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union

This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture, and limited quantities of certified organic salmon have been marketed in the European Union. We examine the experience gained in other organic food markets, and draw some conclusions from these markets with relevance to salmon. Organic salmon fills a dietary need among organic consumers, but at the same time it has some characteristics which may present obstacles to successful marketing. We analysed price premiums for organic salmon compared to conventional salmon. Positive price premiums were found, but it is hard to predict how they will evolve when the supply of organic salmon is expanded. Experience from other organic foods that are supplied in large volumes suggests that it may be possible to obtain price premiums even with substantially higher production

Molecular structures of benzoic acid and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, obtained by gas-phase electron diffraction and theoretical calculations

The structures of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (C6H4OHCOOH) have been determined in the gas phase by electron diffraction using results from quantum chemical calculations to inform restraints used on the structural parameters. Theoretical methods (HF and MP2/6-311+G(d, p)) predict two conformers for benzoic acid, one which is 25.0 kJ mol(-1) (MP2) lower in energy than the other. In the low-energy form, the carboxyl group is coplanar with the phenyl ring and the O-H group eclipses the C=O bond. Theoretical calculations (HF and MP2/6-311+ G(d, p)) carried out for 2-hydroxybenzoic acid gave evidence for seven stable conformers but one low-energy form (11.7 kJ mol-1 lower in energy (MP2)) which again has the carboxyl group coplanar with the phenyl ring, the O-H of the carboxyl group eclipsing the C=O bond and the C=O of the carboxyl group oriented toward the O-H group of the phenyl ring. The effects of internal hydrogen bonding in 2-hydroxybenzoic acid can be clearly observed by comparison of pertinent structural parameters between the two compounds. These differences for 2-hydroxybenzoic acid include a shorter exocyclic C-C bond, a lengthening of the ring C-C bond between the substituents, and a shortening of the carboxylic single C-O bond

Hydrogen Bonding in the Gas-Phase – The Molecular Structures of 2-Hydroxybenzamide (C7H7NO2) and 2-Methoxybenzamide (C8H9NO2), obtained by Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Theoretical Calculations.

The structures of 2-hydroxybenzamide (C 7 H 7 NO 2 ) and 2-methoxybenzamide (C 8 H 9 NO 2) have been determined in the gas-phase by electron diffraction using results from quantum chemical calculations to inform restraints used on the structural parameters. Theoretical methods (HF and MP2/6-311+G(d,p)) predict four stable conformers for both 2- hydroxybenzamide and 2-methoxybenzamide. For both compounds evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding is presented. In 2- hydroxybenzamide the observed hydrogen bonded fragment is between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups while in 2- methoxybenzamide the hydrogen bonded fragment is between one of the hydrogen atoms of the amide group and the methoxy oxygen atom

Hydrogen bonding in the gas-phase: the molecular structures of 2‑hydroxybenzamide (C7H7NO2) and 2‑methoxybenzamide (C8H9NO2), obtained by gas-phase electron diffraction and theoretical calculations

The structures of 2-hydroxybenzamide(C7H7NO2) and 2-methoxybenzamide (C8H9NO2) have been determined in the gas-phase by electron diffraction using results from quantum chemical calculations to inform restraints used on the structural parameters. Theoretical methods (HF and MP2/6-311+G(d,p)) predict four stable conformers for both 2-hydroxybenzamide and 2-methoxybenzamide. For both compounds, evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding is presented. In 2-hydroxybenzamide, the observed hydrogen bonded fragment is between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while in 2-methoxybenzamide, the hydrogen bonded fragment is between one of the hydrogen atoms of the amide group and the methoxy oxygen atom

The molecular structure of propylene sulphide (methylthiirane) by gas-phase electron diffraction and theoretical calculations: a molecule used in MOCVD

Gas-phase electron-diffraction (GED) data together with results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to determine the structure of propylene sulphide. Values found for the main structural parameters for the molecule are consistent with those obtained from microwave studies and are compared here with those found for similar sulphur containing rings of general formula S(CH2)n (n = 2–5). A high ring strain enthalpy was calculated for propylene sulphide which is consistent with the small C–S–C angle (48.2(6)degrees) and the relatively long C–S bond lengths (ra = 1.831(2) Å). This is thought to account for the ease of ring opening in propylene sulphide observed in MOCVD reactions and the ready polymerisation of the molecule

Hydrogen Bonding in the Gas-Phase: The Molecular Structures of 2‑Hydroxybenzamide (C₇H₇NO₂) and 2‑Methoxybenzamide (C₈H₉NO₂), Obtained by Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Theoretical Calculations

The structures of 2-hydroxybenzamide (C₇H₇NO₂) and 2-methoxybenzamide (C₈H₉NO₂) have been determined in the gas-phase by electron diffraction using results from quantum chemical calculations to inform restraints used on the structural parameters. Theoretical methods (HF and MP2/6-311+G­(d,p)) predict four stable conformers for both 2-hydroxybenzamide and 2-methoxybenzamide. For both compounds, evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding is presented. In 2-hydroxybenzamide, the observed hydrogen bonded fragment is between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while in 2-methoxybenzamide, the hydrogen bonded fragment is between one of the hydrogen atoms of the amide group and the methoxy oxygen atom

Structure and conformation of bis(methylthio)methane, (MeS)(2)CH2, determined by gas-phase electron diffractiom and ab initio methods

The gas-phase structure and conformational properties of bis(methylthio)methane, (MeS)(2)CH2, have been determined by electron diffraction, augmented by results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The molecule was found to exist in the gas phase at similar to 100 degrees C, predominantly in the G(+)G(+) form (70(18)%), where the CH3 groups an on opposite sides of the SCS plane, with a smaller contribution from the GA form in the conformational mixture. The main conformer possesses C-2 symmetry with a dihedral angle phi(CSCS) of 54(6)degrees, The second conformer has C-1 symmetry with CSCS dihedral angles of 74 degrees and 186 degrees (ab initio values). Assuming entropy differences between the two conformers as obtained from MP3/6-311+G(d) calculations (Delta S = R In 2 + 2.72 cal mol(-1) K-1), this composition corresponds to an enthalpy difference of Delta H = 2.2(6) kcal mol(-1). The corresponding ab initio/DFT enthalpy difference values at 373 K are 1.49 kcal mol(-1) (HF), 2.38 kcal mol(-1) (MP2), and 2.15 kcal mol(-1) (B3LYP). The results for the main distances (r(g)) and angles (angle(alpha)) from the combined GED/ab initio (HF/6-311+G(d)) study of the G(+)G(+) form of (MeS)(2)CH2 (with estimated 2 sigma uncertainties) are r(C-CH3-S) = 1.805(2) Angstrom, r(C-CH2-S) 1.806(2) Angstrom, r(C-CH3-H) = 1.108(5) Angstrom, r(C-CH2-H) = 1.098(5) Angstrom, angle(C-S-C)= 102.8(24)degrees, angle(S-C-S)= 115.9(3)degrees, angle(H-C-CH2-H) = 107.5 degrees (ab initio), and angle(S-C-CH3-H) = 108.9 degrees (ab initio)