Mehrsprachigkeitsdidaktische Ansätze in Lehrwerken : Eine Analyse der Lehrwerke Super gut, Panorama Deutsch Start, Lieber Deutsch und Lust auf Deutsch

Tarkastelen tutkielmassani äidinkielen ja aikaisemmin opittujen vieraiden kielten hyödyntämistä saksan kielen suomalaisissa ja ruotsalaisissa oppikirjoissa. Monikielisyyden merkitys korostuu nykypäivän kieltenopetuksessa ja pyrkimyksenä on monipuolisesti hyödyntää oppilaiden aikaisempaa kielitaitoa. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten tällä hetkellä käytössä olevat saksan kielen oppikirjat ottavat huomioon tämän näkökulman. Lisäksi tutkin suomalaisten ja ruotsalaisten oppikirjojen eroja tässä suhteessa. Tutkimuksessa käytetty metodi on oppikirja-analyysi, joka sisältää sekä kvalitatiivisia että kvantitatiivisia osia. Aineisto koostuu kahden suomalaisen ja kahden ruotsalaisen lukion saksankielen oppikirjasarjan ensimmäisistä osista. Analysoitava materiaali on jokaisen kirjasarjan osalta laajuudeltaan vertailukelpoinen. Analyysin aluksi keräsin materiaalista kohdat, joissa a) kieliä verrataan keskenään, b) hyödynnetään äidinkieltä tai muita vieraita kieliä tai c) esitellään lainasanoja, internationalismeja tai muita kielellisiä vastaavuuksia. Jaottelin materiaalin sen perusteella hyödynnetäänkö siinä äidinkieltä vai aiemmin opittua vierasta kieltä. Jaottelun jälkeen tarkastelin materiaalia sen perusteella, millä kielenoppimisen osa-alueella (sanasto, kielioppi, ääntäminen) monikielisyyttä oppikirjoissa hyödynnetään ja millä tavoin. Suomalaisissa oppikirjoissa äidinkieltä hyödynnettiin 59 %:ssa tapauksista. Näistä merkittävin osa liittyi ääntämisen opetukseen. Aiemmin opittuihin kieliin (englanti ja ruotsi) viitattiin 41 %:ssa tapauksista. Nämä käsittelivät sanaston ja kieliopin opetusta, joissa hyödynnettiin muita jo opittuja germaanisia kieliä. Ruotsalaisissa oppikirjoissa viittauksia äidinkieleen oli kaikista analysoimistani tapauksista 86 %. Kieliopin opetuksessa äidinkieltä hyödynnettiin korostamalla ruotsin ja saksan kielten välisiä eroja. Ääntämisen opetuksessa ruotsin kieltä käytettiin apuna saksan kielen äänteiden opettamisessa. Ruotsalaisissa oppikirjoissa aiemmin opittua vierasta kieltä eli englantia hyödynnettiin 14 %:ssa tapauksista, pääsääntöisesti sanaston opetuksessa. Näissä tapauksissa korostettiin kielten samankaltaisuutta. Tutkielmani osoittaa, että äidinkieltä tai aikaisemmin opittuja vieraita kieliä käytetään vielä toistaiseksi suhteellisen vähän apuna saksan kielen oppikirjoissa niin Suomessa kuin Ruotsissa. Materiaalin perusteella voi kuitenkin todeta, että monikielisyyden laajempi hyödyntäminen oppikirjoissa olisi melko yksinkertaista, jos siihen tietoisesti kiinnitettäisiin huomiota

Dedifferentiation of Primary Hepatocytes is Accompanied with Reorganization of Lipid Metabolism Indicated by Altered Molecular Lipid and miRNA Profiles

Aim: Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) undergo dedifferentiation upon the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which particularly hinders their utility in long-term in vitro studies. Lipids, as a major class of biomolecules, play crucial roles in cellular energy storage, structure, and signaling. Here, for the first time, we mapped the alterations in the lipid profile of the dedifferentiating PHHs and studied the possible role of lipids in the loss of the phenotype of PHHs. Simultaneously, differentially expressed miRNAs associated with changes in the lipids and fatty acids (FAs) of the dedifferentiating PHHs were investigated. Methods: PHHs were cultured in monolayer and their phenotype was monitored morphologically, genetically, and biochemically for five days. The lipid and miRNA profile of the PHHs were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Agilent microarray, respectively. In addition, 24 key genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and FAs were investigated by qPCR. Results: The typical morphology of PHHs was lost from day 3 onward. Additionally, ALB and CYP genes were downregulated in the cultured PHHs. Lipidomics revealed a clear increase in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) containing lipids, but a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing lipids during the dedifferentiation of PHHs. In line with this, FASN, SCD, ELOVL1, ELOVL3, and ELOVL7 were upregulated but ELOVL2 was downregulated in the dedifferentiated PHHs. Furthermore, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and the constantly upregulated miR-27a and miR-21, and downregulated miR-30 may have regulated the synthesis, accumulation and secretion of PHH lipids during the dedifferentiation. Conclusion: Our results showed major alterations in the molecular lipid species profiles, lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression as wells as miRNA profiles of the PHHs during their prolonged culture, which in concert could play important roles in the PHHs’ loss of phenotype. These findings promote the understanding from the dedifferentiation process and could help in developing optimal culture conditions, which better meet the needs of the PHHs and support their original phenotype

Dedifferentiation of Primary Hepatocytes is Accompanied with Reorganization of Lipid Metabolism Indicated by Altered Molecular Lipid and miRNA Profiles

Aim: Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) undergo dedifferentiation upon the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which particularly hinders their utility in long-term in vitro studies. Lipids, as a major class of biomolecules, play crucial roles in cellular energy storage, structure, and signaling. Here, for the first time, we mapped the alterations in the lipid profile of the dedifferentiating PHHs and studied the possible role of lipids in the loss of the phenotype of PHHs. Simultaneously, differentially expressed miRNAs associated with changes in the lipids and fatty acids (FAs) of the dedifferentiating PHHs were investigated. Methods: PHHs were cultured in monolayer and their phenotype was monitored morphologically, genetically, and biochemically for five days. The lipid and miRNA profile of the PHHs were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Agilent microarray, respectively. In addition, 24 key genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and FAs were investigated by qPCR. Results: The typical morphology of PHHs was lost from day 3 onward. Additionally, ALB and CYP genes were downregulated in the cultured PHHs. Lipidomics revealed a clear increase in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) containing lipids, but a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing lipids during the dedifferentiation of PHHs. In line with this, FASN, SCD, ELOVL1, ELOVL3, and ELOVL7 were upregulated but ELOVL2 was downregulated in the dedifferentiated PHHs. Furthermore, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and the constantly upregulated miR-27a and miR-21, and downregulated miR-30 may have regulated the synthesis, accumulation and secretion of PHH lipids during the dedifferentiation. Conclusion: Our results showed major alterations in the molecular lipid species profiles, lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression as wells as miRNA profiles of the PHHs during their prolonged culture, which in concert could play important roles in the PHHs’ loss of phenotype. These findings promote the understanding from the dedifferentiation process and could help in developing optimal culture conditions, which better meet the needs of the PHHs and support their original phenotype

Effect of bioactive glass air-abrasion on the wettability and osteoblast proliferation on sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surfaces

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydrophilicity, surface free energy, and proliferation and viability of human osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells on sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surfaces after air-abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass, zinc-containing bioactive glass, or inert glass. Sandblasted and acid-etched titanium discs were subjected to air-abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass, experimental bioactive glass (Zn4), or inert glass. Water contact angles and surface free energy were evaluated. The surfaces were studied with preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Air-abrasion with either type of glass significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity and surface free energy of the sandblasted and acid-etched titanium discs. The MC3T3-E1 cell number was higher for substrates air-abraded with Zn4 bioactive glass and similar to that observed on borosilicate coverslips (controls). Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that MC3T3-E1 cells did not spread as extensively on the sandblasted and acid-etched and bioactive glass-abraded surfaces as they did on control surfaces. However, for 45S5- and Zn4-treated samples, the cells spread most at the 24 h time point and changed their morphology to more spindle-like when cultured further. Air-abrasion with bioactive glass and inert glass was shown to have a significant effect on the wettability and surface free energy of the surfaces under investigation. Osteoblast cell proliferation on sandblasted and acid-etched titanium discs was enhanced by air-abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass and experimental Zn4 bioactive glass compared with air-abrasion with inert glass or no air-abrasion

Antibacterial properties of bioactive glass particle abraded titanium against Streptococcus mutans

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of titanium surfaces air-abraded with particles of Bioglass® 45S5 and three-ZnO and SrO doped compositions on the viability, adhesion and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. A statistically significant decrease in the viability of S. mutans was observed for all titanium discs air-particle abraded with the BAGs (p S. mutans adhesion on titanium surfaces treated with different glasses (p = 0.964). Static SBF immersion experiments showed that after 2 and 48 h the BAG doped with 4 mol% ZnO demonstrated the highest Zn2+ ion concentration released into SBF (0.2 mg L−1). 45S5 BAG demonstrated the highest statistically significant increase in the pH throughout the 120 min of static immersion (p S. mutans and they suppressed S. mutans biofilm formation. The antimicrobial activity of 45S5 BAG was attributed to high pH whereas for the Zn-containing BAGs antimicrobial activity was due to steady release of Zn2+ into the interfacial solution.</p

Modeling of LMNA-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the leading causes of heart failure and heart transplantation. A portion of familial DCM is due to mutations in the LMNA gene encoding the nuclear lamina proteins lamin A and C and without adequate treatment these patients have a poor prognosis. To get better insights into pathobiology behind this disease, we focused on modeling LMNA-related DCM using human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Primary skin fibroblasts from DCM patients carrying the most prevalent Finnish founder mutation (p.S143P) in LMNA were reprogrammed into hiPSCs and further differentiated into cardiomyocytes (CMs). The cellular structure, functionality as well as gene and protein expression were assessed in detail. While mutant hiPSC-CMs presented virtually normal sarcomere structure under normoxia, dramatic sarcomere damage and an increased sensitivity to cellular stress was observed after hypoxia. A detailed electrophysiological evaluation revealed bradyarrhythmia and increased occurrence of arrhythmias in mutant hiPSC-CMs on β-adrenergic stimulation. Mutant hiPSC-CMs also showed increased sensitivity to hypoxia on microelectrode array and altered Ca2+ dynamics. Taken together, p.S143P hiPSC-CM model mimics hallmarks of LMNA-related DCM and provides a useful tool to study the underlying cellular mechanisms of accelerated cardiac degeneration in this disease

hiPSC-derived hepatocytes closely mimic the lipid profile of primary hepatocytes: A future personalised cell model for studying the lipid metabolism of the liver

Peer reviewe

Actin-microtubule cytoskeletal interplay mediated by MRTF-A/SRF signaling promotes dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) cause dilated cardiomyopathy associated with increased activity of ERK1/2 in the heart. We recently showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylates cofilin-1 on threonine 25 (phospho(T25)-cofilin-1) that in turn disassembles the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we show that in muscle cells carrying a cardiomyopathy-causing LMNA mutation, phospho(T25)-cofilin-1 binds to myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) in the cytoplasm, thus preventing the stimulation of serum response factor (SRF) in the nucleus. Inhibiting the MRTF-A/SRF axis leads to decreased α-tubulin acetylation by reducing the expression of ATAT1 gene encoding α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1. Hence, tubulin acetylation is decreased in cardiomyocytes derived from male patients with LMNA mutations and in heart and isolated cardiomyocytes from Lmnap.H222P/H222P male mice. In Atat1 knockout mice, deficient for acetylated α-tubulin, we observe left ventricular dilation and mislocalization of Connexin 43 (Cx43) in heart. Increasing α-tubulin acetylation levels in Lmnap.H222P/H222P mice with tubastatin A treatment restores the proper localization of Cx43 and improves cardiac function. In summary, we show for the first time an actin-microtubule cytoskeletal interplay mediated by cofilin-1 and MRTF-A/SRF, promoting the dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations. Our findings suggest that modulating α-tubulin acetylation levels is a feasible strategy for improving cardiac function.Peer reviewe

Functional glasses in glassblowing

Toiminnalliset lasit ovat laseja, joilla on erityisiä optisia tai rakenteellisia ominaisuuksia. Ne ovat olleet aktiivisen tutkimuksen kohde 1950-luvulta lähtien ja niillä on lukemattomia teknologisia sovelluskohteita. Opinnäytetyöni lähtee liikkeelle havainnosta: miksi tällaisia laseja ei käytetä lasitaiteessa tai käyttölasissa? Taide- ja käyttöesinepuolelle ei tunnu olevan kohdennettu laseja, jotka hyödyntäisivät sähköisiä tai magneettisia ominaisuuksia, tai esimerkiksi vaihtaisivat väriä riippuen niihin kohdistuvan valon määrästä. Tämä on erityisen kiinnostavaa siksi, että näiden lasien valmistusmenetelmät ovat lähes samat kuin joillakin värilaseilla. Kyse ei siis ole siitä, että lasien valmistaminen olisi teknisesti liian haastavaa. Työni tarkoituksena on tarkastella syitä sille, miksi toiminnalliset lasit ovat taide- ja käyttöesineissä lähes täysin tuntemattomia: onko syy tieteen ja taiteen heikko kommunikaatio, liian korkeat työstölämpötilat, lasien vaikea käyttäytyminen puhalluksessa, vai näiden kaikkien yhdistelmä. Tarkastelen eri toiminnallisten lasien toimintaperiaatteita, sekä sitä, millaisia uusia mahdollisuuksia taide- ja käyttöesineille tällaiset materiaalit voisivat avata. Työssä puhallan toiminnallisten lasien kahta päätyyppiä: laseja, jotka kiteytyvät herkästi sekä laseja, jotka sisältävät kiteistä faasia. Edellisen joukon edustajana puhallan bioaktiivisia laseja, jotka ovat joukko laseja, jotka alkavat muuttua luumineraaliksi, jos ne altistaa ihmiskehon olosuhteille. Jälkimmäisen ryhmän edustajana puhallan magneettista lasia, jonka kehitysprosessi on osa opinnäytettä. Kuvatulla tavalla tehtyä ja toimivaa magneettista lasia ei ennen tätä ole raportoitu. Kiteisten tai kiteytyvien lasien puhaltumisesta ei myöskään ole kirjallisuudessa aiempia mainintoja. Tämä on yllättävää, sillä jo hyvin yksinkertaiset puhalluskokeet paljastavat laseista uusia kiinnostavia ominaisuuksia. Puhalluskokeissa havaitaan paljon haasteita kiteisten ja kiteytyvien lasien käyttäytymisessä. Kuitenkin perustulos on: käsitellyt lasit säilyvät puhallettavina kiteytymisestä huolimatta ja säilyttävät toiminnallisuuttaan. Työn perusteella ei löydy kategorisia syitä, miksi toiminnallisia laseja ei voisi laajemminkin käyttää lasinpuhalluksessa.Functional glasses are glasses that exhibit special optic or structural properties nonexistent in traditional glass blowing glass (soda-lime glass). They date from the 1950s and have been a focus of active research ever since, with countless technological applications. Still, there are only few instances where these glasses would have been used in the context of art or functional glassware: there is no glass art taking advantage of glass changing color depending on the amount of light it is exposed to; nor are there art pieces with electrically or magnetically active glass . This observation set my work in motion. In my thesis, I try to find reasons for these glasses not being used. It cannot be explained by just technical difficulties, as the production process of many a functional glass is very close to that of some color glasses used widely in art. There are various factors that could play a role: a bad communication between glass science and glass art; higher working temperatures or possibly poor glassblowing properties of functional glasses; or perhaps a combination of all these. I go through the basic principles of different functional glasses and some surface manipulation techniques historically used in glass art. I assess the possible use of the functional glasses studied for the wider field of glass art. In order to assess the glassblowing properties of these glasses I blow two main types of functional glasses: glasses that crystallize easily and glasses that already contain a crystalline phase before blowing. As a representative of the former, I use bioactive glasses that are glasses that mineralize into bone mineral when exposed to human body fluids; as an example of the latter, I blow magnetic glass, the development process of which is also part of the thesis. The studies described here are very new: a similar magnetic glass suitable for glassblowing has not been reported before; there are no literature remarks on glassblowing on functional glasses. This is very surprising, as even the simple blowing studies reveal interesting properties on these materials. In the blowing of functional glasses a lot of different practical challenges are faced. Still, the main result is that the glasses studied remain blowable regardless of partial crystallization while maintaining their functionality. Based on these, there are no apparent reasons for functional glasses not being suitable for glassblowing and glass art in the future

Neutrino mass mechanisms and leptonic CP violation at colliders

In this work the connection between neutrino mass mechanisms and leptonic CP violation at collider experiments is studied. These subjects are connected on a fundamental level: the neutrino mass models dictate the form of the neutrino mass matrix; leptonic CP violation is expressed in the neutrino mass matrix by the Dirac and Majorana phases. The mass of neutrinos has been a subject of intensive study since the discovery of neutrino oscillation in the 1990s. This was the first, and still the only, observation that could not be explained by the standard model of particle physics. Neutrino mass mechanisms provide a way to extend the symmetry group of the standard model so that the neutrino masses are included. In addition to the tree-level seesaw mechanisms, four higher energy models, namely the minimal left-right symmetric model, the Littlest Higgs model, an SU(5) with an adjoint fermion, and the Altarelli-Feruglio model are reviewed. The first three extend the symmetry group of the standard model by a continuous symmetry, whereas the last extends it with a discrete flavor symmetry. It is possible that the seesaw mediators responsible for neutrino masses are within the energy reach of the LHC. Then the parameters of the neutrino mass matrix could be probed at collider experiments. One could determine the existence of the Dirac and Majorana phases by studying their effects on observable quantities of the channels including the seesaw mediators. These effects are reviewed in this work. The non-zero values of the phases would still not determine the existence of leptonic CP violation: generally, a CP odd phase can lead into CP even processes. It is concluded that the discovery potential of the Majorana phases is quite promising at the studied processes. For the Dirac phase, the effects are more subtle and its value will probably be determined at other experiments