ACHA: Avaliação da Contaminação hídrica por agrotóxico.

Modelos matemáticos e simuladores têm sido desenvolvidos para prever a lixiviação de agrotóxicos em solos, permitindo grande economia de tempo e recursos financeiros, além de permitir análises de risco com maior representatividade e confiabilidade. O Brasil ainda não faz uso dessas ferramentas no processo de avaliação de risco e classificação ambiental dos agrotóxicos. Estas ferramentas não são utilizadas pelas autoridades nacionais por não estarem adaptadas às condições brasileiras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional para simulação da lixiviação de agrotóxicos em cenários agrícolas brasileiros. A ferramenta computacional recebeu o nome de ACHA, que se refere ao acrônimo de Avaliação da Contaminação Hídrica por Agrotóxico. Para simulação do fluxo no solo utilizou-se a equação de Richards e para o transporte de agrotóxicos considerou-se os mecanismos de convecção, dispersão e difusão na fase líquida. A sorção do agrotóxico na fase sólida foi descrita pela isoterma de Freundlich e a degradação por uma equação de primeira ordem. O efeito dos fatores ambientais como temperatura, umidade e profundidade do solo é considerado na simulação da degradação do agrotóxico no solo. Os processos de absorção de água e agrotóxicos pelas plantas não são considerados. A ferramenta é composta de três partes: (i) código em Fortran para solução e integração dos modelos matemáticos; (ii) base de dados para armazenamento dos cenários e (iii) interface gráfica para inserção dos dados de entrada e visualização das simulações. Como resultados, a ferramenta é capaz de simular perfis de umidade e concentração do agrotóxico no solo em função do tempo.bitstream/item/29245/1/BP201058.pd

Aspects sanitaires du travail des enfants dans les carrieres d’exploitation de gravier et de sable dans la Region Maritime au Togo

Introduction : Le travail des enfants (TDE) est un grave problème de santé publique en raison de ses multiples conséquences. L’Afrique subsaharienne y est particulièrement exposée en raison de la pauvreté.Objectifs : Décrire le profil sociodémographique de ces enfants travailleurs et répertorier les affections liées au travail de ces enfants dans les carrières.Méthodologie : Etude transversale descriptive portant sur les aspects sanitaires du TDE conduite d’août à novembre 2014, sur 18 sites d’extraction de graviers et de sable des préfectures de la région maritime du Togo.Résultats : Nous avons recensé 99 sujets de moins de 18 ans sur une population totale de 345 travailleurs. Les enfants avaient été retrouvés sur tous les sites d’extraction de gravier dans la région maritime.Les enfants étaient dans 77,7% de sexe masculin (77 enfants) avec un sex-ratio 3,3. Tous les enfants avaient au moins 7 ans avec une moyenne de 12 ans et dans 49,5% (49 enfants) leur âge était compris entre 11 et 14 ans.Les accidents de travail ont été signalés dans 81,8% des cas (81 enfants). Les types de lésions rapportées ont été essentiellement des plaies dans 79,8% (79enfants) et des entorses dans 36,4% des cas (36 enfants).Les symptômes respiratoires comme rhume et toux ont été retrouvé dans respectivement 43,4% (43 enfants) et 42,4% (42 enfants) ; des douleurs musculaires étaient retrouvées dans 92,9% des cas.Sur tous les sites visités aucun moyen de protection adapté n’a été observé. La prise en charge des accidents du travail a été effectuée par les enfants eux-mêmes et par leurs parents dans respectivement 46,5% (46 enfants) et 53,5% des cas (53 enfants).Conclusion : Les enfants présents sur tous les sites d’extraction étaient le plus souvent de sexe masculin et avaient un âge moyen de 12 ans. Les pathologies rencontrées sont dominées par les atteintes respiratoires avec les douleurs comme plaintes chez les enfants. Des accidents de travail fréquents sont pris en charge par les enfants ou leurs parents. Mots-clés : Travail des enfants, maladies professionnelles, accidents du travail, carrières, Togo.   English Title: Aspects sanitaires du travail des enfants dans les carrières d’exploitation de gravier et de sable dans la Région Maritime au TogoIntroduction: Child labor (CL) is a serious public health problem because of its multiple consequences. Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable because of poverty. Objectives: To describe the socio-demographic profile of these child workers and to list the conditions related to the work of these children in careers. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study on the health aspects of the CL conducted from August to November 2014, on 18 gravel and sand extraction sites in the prefectures of the maritime region of Togo. Results: We identified 99 subjects under 18 years old out of a total population of 345 workers. The children had been found at all gravel extraction sites in the Maritime Region. Children were 77.7% male (77 children) with a sex ratio of 3. 3. All children were at least 7 years old with an average of 12 years old and in 49.5% (49 children) their age was between 11 and 14 years old. Work-related accidents were reported in 81.8% of cases (81 children). The types of lesions reported were mainly wounds in 79.8% (79 children) and sprains in 36.4% of the cases (36 children). Respiratory  symptoms such as colds and coughs were found in respectively 43.4% (43 children) and 42.4% (42 children); muscle pain was found in 92.9% of cases. At all the sites visited no suitable means of protection were observed. The management of accidents related to work was carried out by the children themselves and their parents in respectively 46.5% (46 children) and 53.5% of the cases (53 children). Conclusion: The children present at all extraction sites were mostly male and had an average age of 12 years. The pathologies encountered are dominated by respiratory disorders with pains as complaints in children. Frequent work accidents are dealt with by children or their parents. Keywords: Child labor, occupational diseases, accidents at work, careers, Togo

Buruli ulcer : history and disease burden

A major objective of this open access book is to summarize the current status of Buruli Ulcer (BU) research for the first time. It will identify gaps in our knowledge, stimulate research and support control of the disease by providing insight into approaches for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of Buruli Ulcer. Book chapters will cover the history, epidemiology diagnosis, treatment and disease burden of BU and provide insight into the microbiology, genomics, transmission and virulence of Mycobacterium ulcerans. ; Supports further investigation by summarizing state of the art in the field of Buruli ulcer research Enriches understanding of epidemiology of Buruli ulcer in different geographic regions Reviews exhaustively the characteristics of Mycobacterium ulcerans diseas