Trodimenzionalna kinematička analiza zamaha rukom iznad glave u različitim sportovima

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics of the overarm throw for different sports. Eleven elite female handball players and nine elite female volleyball players were selected as subjects for the study. Arm and forearm segment movement in the backswing and acceleration phases of players performing the volleyball spike and the handball jump shot were evaluated. Video data were captured using two Sony 50Hz cameras and were digitized and analyzed using Simi Motion Analysis 5.5 program. In the backswing phase, there were significant differences in the angular width, velocity and acceleration between the volleyball players and handball players on the transverse, vertical, and sagittal planes of the motions (p<.01). In the acceleration phase, the statistically significant difference was found in the angular width of the arm segment motion on the transverse plane (p<.05). On the sagittal plane, the significant difference was found in the angular width, velocity, and acceleration of the arm motions between the volleyball and handball players (p<.05). These results suggest that volleyball players use vertical flexion more frequently, thus increasing the time to gain velocity. Handball players transfer the velocity used in horizontal flexion to the vertical flexion in a short period of time.Za poboljšanje sportske uspješnosti nije dovoljno unapređivati samo kondicijske sposobnosti i tehničko-taktička znanja. Moraju se provesti i kineziološke i biomehničke analize kretanja kako bismo razumjeli učinke postojećih tehnika kretanja te se, u skladu s rezultatima tih analiza, moraju razvijati nove i učinkovitije tehnike kretanja. Cilj ovog rada bila je usporedba kinematičkih analiza bacačkih, odnosno udaračkih tehnika koje se izvode u različitim sportovima zamahom ruke iznad glave. Devet odbojkašica iz ženske odbojkaške superlige (starih 24±4 godine, visokih 174,45±4,5 cm, teških 68,03±5,32 kg) i 11 rukometašica, članica nacionalne vrste (starih 20±2 godine, visokih 174,63±7,28 cm, teških 65,81±5,21 kg) sudjelovalo je u istraživanju. Odbojkašice-dizačice lopte i rukometne vratarice nisu sudjelovale u istraživanju. Nakon zagrijavanja, ispitanicama su na stiloidni nastavak lakatne kosti, lateralni epikondil nadlaktične kosti i lateralni gornji vrh akromiona postavljeni reflektirajući markeri dijametra 3 centimetra. Za snimanje su korištene dvije Sonyjeve kamere, model Trv330e i frekvencije 50Hz. Kamere su bile postavljene pod kutom od 90° kako bi mogle snimiti cijelo područje kretanja ispitanica. Za kalibraciju sustava korištena je tehnika izravne linearne transformacije. Mjere kalibracijskog prostora bile su 2 x 2,5 x 2 m sa 8 kalibracijskih točaka. Odbojkašice su izvodile smečeve, a rukometašice skok šutove na gol. Smečevi su izvođeni iz polja 4 na odbojkaškom terenu, a skok šutovi s linije vratarova prostora. Svaka ispitanica 5 puta je izvela zadani element i svaki je bio snimljen. Snimljeni materijal prenesen je u računalo, a pokušaji su za kasniju analizu bili selektirani pomoću SIMI kretnog programa (verzija 5,5, Reality Motion System, Njemačka). Analizirane su kretnje segmenata ruke i podlaktice u fazi zamaha unatrag iznad glave i fazi akceleracije kod odbojkaškog smeča i rukometnog skok šuta. Izračunati su parametri u svim ravninama: kut (θ) u stupnjevima (°), kutna brzina (w) u stupnjevima u sekundi (°/s), kutno ubrzanje (α) u stupnjevima u sekundi na kvadrat (°/s²). Razlike između grupa izračunate su korištenjem neparametrijskog testa za nezavisne uzorke (Mann Whitney–U). U fazi gornjeg stražnjeg zamaha utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u veličini kuta, brzini i ubrzanju između odbojkašica i rukometašica u transverzalnoj, vertikalnoj i sagitalnoj ravnini (p<,01). U fazi ubrzanja utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u veličini kuta kod pokreta segmenata ruke u transverzalnoj ravnini (p<,05). U sagitalnoj ravnini utvrđeno je da rukometašice postižu statistički značajno veće kutne vrijednosti, brzinu i ubrzanje pri kretnjama ruke u odnosu na odbojkašice (p<,05). Razlike u tim parametrima vjerojatno su posljedica činjenice da odbojkašice kod smečiranja izvode veću vertikalnu fleksiju, koja povećava vrijeme koje je potrebno da se postigne odgovarajuća brzina ruke. Rukometašice, pak, pri izvođenju rukometnog skok šuta u vrlo kratkom vremenu prenose brzinu iz horizontalne ravnine u vertikalnu ravninu

Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of static stretching; dynamic exercises and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Twenty-six elite young tennis players (15.1 +/- 4.2 years, 167.9 +/- 5.8 cm and 61.6 +/- 8.1 kg) performed 4 different warm-up (WU) routines in a random order on non-consecutive days. The WU methods consisted of traditional WU (jogging, rally and serve practice) (TRAD); traditional WU and static stretching (TRSS); traditional WU and dynamic exercise (TRDE); and traditional WU and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity (TRPLYP). Following each WU session, subjects were tested on a tennis serve ball speed test. TRAD, TRSS, TRDE and TRPLYO were compared by repeated measurement analyses of variance and post-hoc comparisons. In this study a 1 to 3 percent increase in tennis serve ball speed was recorded in TRDE and TRPLYO when compared to TRAD (p 0.05). ICCs for ball speed showed strong reliability (0.82 to 0.93) for the ball speed measurements. The results of this study indicate that dynamic and high volume upper extremity plyometric WU activities are likely beneficial to serve speed of elite junior tennis players

Investigation of the effects of recreational rowing exercises on physical fitness and quality of life in prostate cancer patients

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of recreational rowing exercises on cancer patients, who have undergone prostate treatment, on their physical fitness and quality of life. A total of 37 participants (mean age of 59.10± 9.67 years) who completed their prostate cancer (PC) treatments and had no disability to exercise and participated in the recreational sea rowing program were included in the study. The study is consisting of two groups. The participants who refused to participate exercise (n=17 mean age 57.17±13.33 years) are Control Group (CG) and who accepted to join sea rowing program are Exercise Group (EG) (n=19 mean age 59.10 ±9.67 years). The program was carried out 3 days a week for 12 weeks, with an average of 60 minutes per day. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, circumference measurements, BMI), VO2max and strength measurements were taken at the beginning and end of the program. Quality of life was assessed (EORTC-QLQ-C30 scale) and prostate cancer-specific module (EORTC QLQ-PR25) test. Since the data did not show normal distribution in the statistical analysis, centrality and prevalence criteria were determined for the continuous variables in the analysis, the Wilcoxon test was used for the differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements of the participants, and the Mann Whitney U test was used to determine the differences between the two groups. Statistically significant differences were found in physical fitness; arm thickness, one mile walking, peak force, 1000 m walking, strength and VO2max values (p&lt;0.05). In the comparison of the two groups; Forearm thickness, upper leg circumference, lower leg circumference, average strength (kg), peak force (kg), average power (watt), Vo2max values were found significantly different (p&lt;0.05).According to the result of EORTC-QLQ-C30; When the EG was compared with the pre-test, post-test and CG, a significant difference was found in the parameters of physical function, grip function, fatigue and constipation (p&lt;0.05). According to EORTC QLQ-PR25 results, there was a significant difference in the urinary symptoms and sexual functioning sub-dimensions between the exercise and control groups (p&lt;0.05).As a result of recreational sea rowing exercise, it was observed that the quality of life of the patients increased, the side effects of the disease decreased, aerobic capacity and strength characteristics improved