PERKEMBANGANPENGATURANATASFUNGSI PENGAWASAN DEWANPERWAKILAN RAKYATREPUBLIK INDONESIA

Parliament has three functions which are consisted of legislation, budgets, and oversight These three functions are stated on the Constitution, the Act and the Rules of Procedure of Parliament. This study is aimed to examine the development of regulation related to Parliament oversight. The examination would be focused on legal politics which underly on its formation and implementation. This is a normative law research which uses a descriptive explorative method. The emphasis would be addressed on aspects of legal history and comparative law. In further, it would compare all the regulation which is applied now and which has been applied before. According to this research, the oversight regulation of the Parliament has been changed (amendement) since the new order until now. Substantial changes of oversight regulations impact on oversight functions. The change occurred for four times in 1969, 1999, 2003, and 2009. It could be happened because of the amendment of Organization and the Position of Representative Institutions Act. In every amendment, the acts strengthen the oversight functions, such as add the duties, authority, and the rights. It also adds obligations to the Parliament to strengthen its oversight function. All of these acts rule the Parliament to oversight the executive regarding to the implementation of acts, budget and government policy. These development, indicate a legal political trends which strengthening of the Parliament oversight function. It can be seen from the extension of oversight right, such as sub poena rights, reduction of the president\u27s prerogative, addition of parliament body, strengthen of the individual members rights. Indeed, all of these trends rise after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution

The scaling and skewness of optimally transported meshes on the sphere

In the context of numerical solution of PDEs, dynamic mesh redistribution methods (r-adaptive methods) are an important procedure for increasing the resolution in regions of interest, without modifying the connectivity of the mesh. Key to the success of these methods is that the mesh should be sufficiently refined (locally) and flexible in order to resolve evolving solution features, but at the same time not introduce errors through skewness and lack of regularity. Some state-of-the-art methods are bottom-up in that they attempt to prescribe both the local cell size and the alignment to features of the solution. However, the resulting problem is overdetermined, necessitating a compromise between these conflicting requirements. An alternative approach, described in this paper, is to prescribe only the local cell size and augment this an optimal transport condition to provide global regularity. This leads to a robust and flexible algorithm for generating meshes fitted to an evolving solution, with minimal need for tuning parameters. Of particular interest for geophysical modelling are meshes constructed on the surface of the sphere. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that meshes generated on the sphere using this optimal transport approach have good a-priori regularity and that the meshes produced are naturally aligned to various simple features. It is further shown that the sphere's intrinsic curvature leads to more regular meshes than the plane. In addition to these general results, we provide a wide range of examples relevant to practical applications, to showcase the behaviour of optimally transported meshes on the sphere. These range from axisymmetric cases that can be solved analytically to more general examples that are tackled numerically. Evaluation of the singular values and singular vectors of the mesh transformation provides a quantitative measure of the mesh anisotropy, and this is shown to match analytic predictions

Reframing Kurtz’s Painting: Colonial Legacies and Minority Rights in Ethnically Divided Societies

Minority rights constitute some of the most normatively and economically important human rights. Although the political science and legal literatures have proffered a number of constitutional and institutional design solutions to address the protection of minority rights, these solutions are characterized by a noticeable neglect of, and lack of sensitivity to, historical processes. This Article addresses that gap in the literature by developing a causal argument that explains diverging practices of minority rights protections as functions of colonial governments’ variegated institutional practices with respect to particular ethnic groups. Specifically, this Article argues that in instances where colonial governments politicize and institutionalize ethnic hegemony in the pre-independence period, an institutional legacy is created that leads to lower levels of minority rights protections. Conversely, a uniform treatment and depoliticization of ethnicity prior to independence ultimately minimizes ethnic cleavages post-independence and consequently causes higher levels of minority rights protections. Through a highly structured comparative historical analysis of Botswana and Ghana, this Article builds on a new and exciting research agenda that focuses on the role of long-term historio-structural and institutional influences on human rights performance and makes important empirical contributions by eschewing traditional methodologies that focus on single case studies that are largely descriptive in their analyses. Ultimately, this Article highlights both the strength of a historical approach to understanding current variations in minority rights protections and the varied institutional responses within a specific colonial government

AVOIMEN TIETEEN JA TUTKIMUKSEN KÄSIKIRJA (OSA 2: TUTKIJALLE JA ORGANISAATIOILLE)

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Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationpublishedVersio

Liberdade econ?mica e crescimento (1970?2014).

Relaciona-se a liberdade econ?mica com o crescimento entre os anos 1970 e 2014 para uma amostra de 107 pa?ses. A proxy para a liberdade econ?mica, o ?ndice de liberdade econ?mica, se mostrou significativa e positiva na maior parte das regress?es. Na an?lise de converg?ncia de renda, ao n?o controlar para o n?vel inicial de renda, as estimativas indicaram que o n?vel inicial de liberdade acarretava em maior crescimento. Todavia, ao incluir o controle da renda inicial esse resultado n?o se manteve. Conclui-se que a liberdade econ?mica ? associada de forma positiva e persistente com o crescimento econ?mico de longo prazo

The influence of financialization on the Brazilian real interest rate.

Esse artigo analisa a taxa de juros real do Brasil. Em primeiro lugar, definimos financeiriza??o como a maior influ?ncia do sistema financeiro sobre a pol?tica dom?stica. Utilizamos a proxy propor??o do estoque da d?vida p?blica federal detida por agentes do mercado financeiro para representar a financeiriza??o. Posteriormente, e investigando o per?odo compreendido entre os anos 2007 e 2017, adotamos a metodologia VEC, realizando an?lises por meio da cointegra??o e de fun??es impulso resposta. Os resultados sugerem que a financeiriza??o exerce um efeito positivo sobre o patamar da taxa de juros real.This paper analyzes the real interest rate in Brazil. First, we define financialization as the major influence of the financial system on domestic politics. We use the proportion of the stock of federal public debt held by financial market agents as a proxy for financialization. Subsequently, we adopted the VEC methodology to perform cointegration and impulse-response analyses for the period 2007-2017. The results suggest that financialization had a positive effect on the real interest rate level