KEABSAHAN HAJI DENGAN HARTA HARAM (STUDI KOMPARATIF ANTARA MAZHAB SYAFI’I DAN MAZHAB HANBALI)

ABSTRAK Aini Shafiqah Binti Mohamad Asre (2021): Keabsahan Haji dengan Harta Haram Studi Komparatif Antara Mazhab Syafi’i Dan Mazhab Hanbali Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya perbedaan pendapat antara Mazhab Syafi‟i dan Mazhab Hanbali tentang Keabsahan haji dengan harta haram. Dalam permasalahan di atas penulisan skripsi ini penulis merumuskan permasalahan sebagai berikut : Pertama, bagaimana pendapat Mazhab Syafi‟I mengenai keabsahan haji dengan harta haram serta dalilnyaa. Kedua, bagaimana pendapat Mazhab Hanbali mengenai keabsahan haji dengan harta haram serta dalilnya. Ketiga, bagaimana analisis fiqh muqarranah terhadap perbedaan Mazhab Syafi‟i dan Mazhab Hanbali mengenai keabsahan haji dengan harta haram. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif hukum islam dengan menggunakan metode library research yaitu dengan mengambil dan membaca serta menelaah literatur-literatur yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. Sumber data yang penulis gunakan adalah sumber data primer yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum skunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Bahan hukum primer yang penulis gunakan adalah sebagai rujukan utama ialah kitab Mughni Al-Muhtaj merupakan kitab rujukan Mazhab Syafi‟i dan kitab Qawaid Al-Fiqhiyah merupakan kitab rujukan Mazhab Hanbali. Bahan hukum skunder ialah buku-buku atau literatur-literatur yang berkait tentang masalah yang diteliti. Bahan hukum tersier adalah kamus bahasa Arab dan Al-Quran. Penulis berusaha memaparkan perbandingan pendapat dua Mazhab berpengaruh yaitu Mazhab Syafi‟i dan Mazhab Hanbali yang mempunyai pendapat berbeda tentang keabsahan haji dengan harta haram, Studi Komparatif antara Mazhab Syafi‟i dan Mazhab Hanbali. Menurut Mazhab Syafi‟i, berpendapat bahwa haji dengan harta haram adalah sah, kewajiban orang yang melaksanakannya menjadi gugur, tetapi ia berdosa. Dengan didasarkan dalam kitab Mughni Al-Muhtaj yang dikarang oleh Khatib Asy-Syarbini bahwa gugurlah kewajiban haji atau umrah yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan harta haram. Manakala menurut Mazhab Hanbali, berpendapat bahwa berhaji dengan harta adalah tidak sah. Dengan demikian, orang yang melaksanakannya tidak mendapat pahala, bahkan berdosa, dan kewajibannya untuk melaksanakan ibadah haji belum gugur. Hal ini dinukil dari ulama mazhab hanbali. Kata kunci: Mazhab Syafi‟i, Mazhab Hanbali, Keabsahan Haji dengan harta hara

Electronic and Optical Properties of Gold Clusters with Carbene Ligands using Density Functional Theory Calculations

Viime vuosikymmeninä molekyyleillä suojatut metallinanoklusterit ovat herättä-neet merkittävää kiinnostusta nanotieteissä niiden ainutlaatuisten ominaisuuksiensa takia. Erityisen huomion kohteena ovat olleet kultananoklusterit ja niiden suojaamiseksi onkin käytetty monia erilaisia orgaanisia molekyylejä, kuten fosfiineja, tiolaatteja, karbeeneja ja halideja. Näistä molekyyleistä N-heterosyklisten karbeenien on viime aikoina havaittu olevan erityisen mielenkiintoisia, koska ne muodostavat hyvin vahvoja sidoksia metallien kanssa. Viimeaikaiset tutkimukset ovat yrittäneet selvittää karbeenien erityistä luonnetta kultananoklustereiden stabiloinnissa verrattuna muun tyyppisiin suojaaviin molekyyleihin. Mainittuihin aiheisiin liittyen tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa käytettiin tiheysfunktionaaliteoriaa ligandisuojattujen metallinanoklustereiden elektronirakenteen ja optisten absorptio-ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen. Lisäksi molekyylidynamiikkasimulaatioi-den avulla pyrittiin löytämään ja tunnistamaan rakenteellisesti stabiileja vaihtoehtoisia klusterirakenteita eli klusteri-isomeereja. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetyt tulokset edistävät metallinanoklustereiden ominaisuuksien ymmärrystä suuremmassa kuvassa ja luovat pohjaa täysin uusien ligandisuojattujen metallinanoklustereiden tutkimukselle. kultaklusterit, karbeeniligandit, tiheysfunktionaaliteoria, molekyylidynamiikka, elektronirakenne, optinen absorptioIn recent decades the investigation of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters has garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and molecule-like features. Protected gold clusters have been of particular interest, for which various stabilizing ligands such as phosphines, thiolates, carbenes, and halides have been used. N-heterocyclic carbenes have recently emerged as one of the most essential organic ligands due to their potential to form robust metal-ligand bonds. Recent research has focused on the special role of NHCs in stabilizing gold nanoclusters compared to other ligands. This study employed density functional theory methods to assess the electronic structures and optical absorption properties of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations assisted in the recognition of structurally stable isomers. The outcomes presented in this thesis contribute to a broader comprehension on the properties of metal nanoclusters and set the groundwork for exploring novel forms of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters. Keywords: gold clusters, carbene ligands, density functional theory, molecular dynamics, electronic structure, optical absorptio

Synthetic Energy Data Generation Using Time Variant Generative Adversarial Network

Energy consumption data is being used for improving the energy efficiency and minimizing the cost. However, obtaining energy consumption data has two major challenges: (i) data collection is very expensive, time-consuming, and (ii) security and privacy concern of the users which can be revealed from the actual data. In this research, we have addressed these challenges by using generative adversarial networks for generating energy consumption profile. We have successfully generated synthetic data which is similar to the real energy consumption data. On the basis of the recent research conducted on TimeGAN, we have implemented a framework for synthetic energy consumption data generation that could be useful in research, data analysis and create business solutions. The framework is implemented using the real-world energy dataset, consisting of energy consumption data of the year 2020 for the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania. The results of implementation is evaluated using various performance measures and the results are showcased using visualizations along with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (TSNE) plots. Overall, experimental results show that Synthetic data generated using the proposed implementation possess very similar characteristics to the real dataset with high comparison accuracy.</jats:p

The Effect of a Training Program in Improving Academic Achievement in Mathematics

The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of a training programbased on mathematical thinking in mathematics on improving the academicachievement in mathematics among students of the upper basic stages in thegovernmental schools affiliated to Al-Salt district, Jordan. The study adopted thequasi-experimental research design that included a sample of 40 students who wererandomly and equally distributed over a control group (n=20) and an experimentalgroup (n=20). To collect data, the researcher developed a mathematical thinkingskills tests (25 items) that was applied pre and post the training program. Thetraining program based on mathematical thinking skills consisted of (6) sessions.The results revealed that there was significant statistical difference in the meanscores of mathematical thinking skills pre and post-tests among the experimentalgroup participants who studied using the proposed training program. In addition, itwas found that there was no significant statistical difference in the mean scores ofmathematical thinking skills pre and post-tests among the control groupparticipants who studied through the traditional method. Moreover, it was foundthat there was significant statistical difference in the mean scores of themathematical thinking skills post-test between the experimental group who studiedusing the proposed training program and the control group who studied using thetraditional method in favor of the experimental group. These practical implicationsof this study include the design of different training program that might assist inraising the level of mathematical thinking and mathematical achievement amongschool students at different stages

Isomer dynamics of the [Au6(NHC-S)4]2+ nanocluster

The use of metal nanoclusters is strongly reliant on their size and configuration; hence, studying the potential isomers of a cluster is extremely beneficial in understanding their performance. In general, the prediction and identification of isomer structures and their properties can be challenging and computationally expensive. Our work describes an investigation to find local isomers for the previously experimentally characterized small gold cluster [Au6(NHC-S)4]2+ protected by bidentate mixed carbene-thiolate ligands. We employ the molecular dynamics simulation method where the interatomic forces are calculated from density functional theory. We find several isomers that are more stable than the isomer corresponding to the experimental crystal structure, as well as a significant impact of the finite-temperature atom dynamics on the electronic structure and optical properties. Our work highlights the growing need to investigate ligand-stabilized metal clusters to uncover isomerism and temperature effects on their properties.peerReviewe

Surface Coordination of Multiple Ligands Endows N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters with High Robustness and Surface Reactivity

Deciphering the molecular pictures of the multi-component and non-periodic organic-inorganic interlayer is a grand technical challenge. Here we show that the atomic arrangement of hybrid surface ligands on metal nanoparticles can be precisely quantified through comprehensive characterization of a novel gold cluster, Au 44 ( i Pr 2 -bimy) 9 (PA) 6 Br 8 , which features three types of ligands, namely, carbene (1,3-diisopropylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene, i Pr 2 -bimy), alkynyl (phenylacetylide, PA), and halide (Br), respectively. The delicately balanced stereochemical effects and bonding capabilities of the three ligands give rise to peculiar geometrical and electronic structures. Remarkably, despite its complex and highly distorted surface structure, Au 44 ( i Pr 2 -bimy) 9 (PA) 6 Br 8 exhibits unusual catalytic properties and yet it is highly stable, both chemically and thermally. Moreover, rich reactive sites on the cluster surface raise the prospect of bio-compatibility (as it can be functionalized to yield water-soluble derivatives) and bio-applications.peerReviewe

NHC-Stabilized Au10 Nanoclusters and Their Conversion to Au25 Nanoclusters

Herein, we describe the synthesis of a toroidal Au10 cluster stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbene and halide ligands via reduction of the corresponding NHC−Au−X complexes (X = Cl, Br, I). The significant effect of the halide ligands on the formation, stability, and further conversions of these clusters is presented. While solutions of the chloride derivatives of Au10 show no change even upon heating, the bromide derivative readily undergoes conversion to form a biicosahedral Au25 cluster at room temperature. For the iodide derivative, the formation of a significant amount of Au25 was observed even upon the reduction of NHC−Au−I. The isolated bromide derivative of the Au25 cluster displays a relatively high (ca. 15%) photoluminescence quantum yield, attributed to the high rigidity of the cluster, which is enforced by multiple CH−π interactions within the molecular structure. Density functional theory computations are used to characterize the electronic structure and optical absorption of the Au10 cluster. 13C-Labeling is employed to assist with characterization of the products and to observe their conversions by NMR spectroscopy.peerReviewe

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