Length variation of chloroplast simple sequence repeats in the genus Eucalyptus L'Hér.

Eucalyptus L'Hér. is an economically important genus of plants with several environmental significances and great industrial advantages. To accelerate breeding and conservation studies, efforts on molecular breeding and molecular genetic analysis are underway in the genus Eucalyptus. Despite these efforts, no sufficient information is available about common, polymorphic and unique chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) in the genus Eucalyptus. . These repeats consist of 1-6 nucleotides and play important role in the development of molecular markers, genetic mapping and plant breeding. In the present study, a total of 920 cpSSRs were detected and length variation of cpSSRs analysed between each pair of species among 31 chloroplast genome sequences of the genus Eucalyptus. Additionally, cross species transferability of common and polymorphic cpSSRs were also observed. The common, unique and putative polymorphic cpSSRs analysed in this study can be used for species identification and genetic diversity studies of Eucalyptus

Fraud Detection in Credit Card Transactions using Anomaly Detection

Credit Card is a convenient payment mode. It is useful for both online and offline modes of payment. For online, we need to use the Credit Card Number. The Credit Card Number is sufficient for online transactions and that comes with a risk. We have fraud transaction detection systems but they can detect it only after the occurrence of transactions. The Organizations keep the detailed data consisting of genuine transactions as well as  fraudulent transactions. The fraudulent are generally caught following a particular pattern. It is a difficult task to analyze each and every transaction data among about millions and billions of them. Predictive Algorithms could be a valuable asset for the detection of fraudulent transactions, here we need Data Mining. A variety of statistical tests could be used for the prevention of fraud events .However, we still have no perfect method for detecting fraudulent transactions. To, the banks, these frauds are a major financial issues. The detection of fraudulent transactions among the genuine transactions is totally skewed towards the latter. According the estimation, out of 12 billion transactions made in a year, 10 million are frauds. We are using isolation forest algorithm and local outlier factor algorithm to analyze and predict the frauds. The accuracy and errors of both the data has also been computed

Interaction of Radiofrequency Radiation with Biological Systems

Rapid advancement of radiofrequency (RF)-driven technologies has greatly affected our everyday lives. Increasing evidence led by in-vitro, in-vivo studies, epidemiological and clinical trials indicates that RF interacts considerably well with biological systems in various ways depending on different exposure parameters and properties of biological materials. Besides their innumerable benefits in different sectors of commercial and military fields, they can induce alterations in many physiological functions of the body, which may culminate into adverse human health consequences. The present article explicitly addresses the RF-based technologies and their applications, fundamentals of RF energy interaction with biological systems, exposure parameters, and dosimetry studies along with thermal and non-thermal effects on different vital organs at molecular and cellular levels. Further, this article outlines the limitations of RF-induced biological effect studies, status of risk assessment, safety levels and its future perspectives

Deep Learning for Plant Stress Phenotyping: Trends and Future Perspectives

Deep learning (DL), a subset of machine learning approaches, has emerged as a versatile tool to assimilate large amounts of heterogeneous data and provide reliable predictions of complex and uncertain phenomena. These tools are increasingly being used by the plant science community to make sense of the large datasets now regularly collected via high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping. We review recent work where DL principles have been utilized for digital image–based plant stress phenotyping. We provide a comparative assessment of DL tools against other existing techniques, with respect to decision accuracy, data size requirement, and applicability in various scenarios. Finally, we outline several avenues of research leveraging current and future DL tools in plant science

Mining of microsatellites in mitochondrial genomes of order Hypnales (Bryopsida)

Microsatellites or SSRs are the markers of selection due to their reproducibility, degree of polymorphism, distribution throughout the genome and co-dominant nature. Microsatellites are used primarily to study the genetic variability in various species and marker aided selection. Since microsatellites can be readily amplified by PCR, they have been utilized most extensively. To reduce time and cost to a great extent, the computational approach for identifying and developing microsatellite markers by mining nucleotide sequences is preferred over the conventional methods. In the present analysis, an in-silico method was used to detect microsatellites effectively in mitochondrial genomes of Anomodon rugelii (Müll. Hal.) Keissl., Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Hueb., Climacium americanum (Renauld & Cardot) Kindberg, and Hypnum imponens Hedw. (Bryopsida; Hypnales). A total of 101 perfect microsatellites were mined with an average density of 1 microsatellite/4.21 kb. The hexa-nucleotide repeats were not detected in mitochondrial genomes of studied taxa. Di-nucleotides were seen to be the most frequent repeats followed by tetra-nucleotides. The identified microsatellites were also checked for variability in length between species. The mined microsatellites will be used for gene tagging, species identification and population genetic studies

THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FENUGREEK W.S.R TO ITS HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY

The term Hyperlipidemia denotes excessive cholesterol in the blood. It is both LDL and triglycerides that are elevated in hyperlipidemia. As per Ayurveda, In Hyperlipidemia, Medodhatu vitiates because of improper working of Parthiva and Aapbhutagni rasa and Medodhatvagni. Mainly Asthivahasrotas are affected. Asthivahasrotas build from Medo and Jaghan part. Fenugreek having lipolytic property and it primarily works on Annahvahasrotas and Asthivahasrotas. It decreases cholesterol level, reduces body weight by decreasing plasma triglycerides and having hepatoprotective effect. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) commonly known as Methi, family Fabaceae is a annual plant, cultivated world wide as a semiarid crop. The seeds of fenugreek are used as condiment and dried leaves as flavouring agent. Vegetative parts are rich in vit A, vit B and iron. Constituents of fenugreek seeds include flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, saponins; most prevalent alkaloid is trigonelline and coumarins include cinnamic acid and scopoletin. In southern part of india roasted seeds in the form of infusion are indicated in diarrhoea and small pox. It is an appetizer and carminative. Its porridge is used as galactagogue. Having antidiabetic, antiallergic, lactation induced, anti-oxidant potency. In this article we are going to discuss about fenugreek in all aspects including its Anti-hyperlipidemic action

Cancers of anal canal: A review article

Malignant tumoursof the anal canal are rare and diverse group of tumours of gastrointestinal tract and comprises of 2.5 percent of all digestive system malignancy in United States. Although incidence rates are still low, there has been a signifi cant increase in squamous cell carcinoma over the last 50 years. HIV infected homosexual men appear particularly at risk. HPV DNA is detectable in most anal squamous cell carcinomas. Despite its short length, the anal canal produces a variety of tumour types refl ecting its complex anatomic and histological structure.Squamous, glandular, transitional, and melanocytic components occur at this site, either alone, or in combination. Due to the paucity of this malignancy it has been diffi cult to establish generally accepted guidelines for treatment. While for some neoplasms, the treatment of choice is clear-cut, for others it is still controversial. This review article makes an attempt to clarify current clinical, pathological and therapeutic options for anal canal tumors in the light of recent information. &nbsp

Mechanism of Wound-Healing Activity of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Leaf Extract in Experimental Burns

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the healing efficacy of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., family Elaeagnaceae) (SBT) and to explore its possible mechanism of action on experimental burn wounds in rats. The SBT extract, at various concentrations, was applied topically, twice daily for 7 days. Treatment with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment was used as reference control. The most effective concentration of the extract was found to be 5.0% (w/w) for burn wound healing and this was further used for detailed study. The SBT-treated group showed faster reduction in wound area in comparison with control and SSD-treated groups. The topical application of SBT increased collagen synthesis and stabilization at the wound site, as evidenced by increase in hydroxyproline, hexosamine levels and up-regulated expression of collagen type-III. The histological examinations and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and -9) expression also confirmed the healing efficacy of SBT leaf extract. Furthermore, there was significant increase in levels of endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and decrease in lipid peroxide levels in SBT-treated burn wound granulation tissue. The SBT also promoted angiogenesis as evidenced by an in vitro chick chorioallantoic membrane model and in vivo up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The SBT leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect on BHK-21 cell line. In conclusion, SBT aqueous leaf extract possesses significant healing potential in burn wounds and has a positive influence on the different phases of wound repair