Investigation of PCB ve PAHsin Soil: Alikahya Region

Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli İli Alikahya bölgesinden toprak numuneleri alınarak, organik kirleticilerden PoliklorluBifeniller (PCB) ve Poliaromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH) incelenmiştir. Bölgede örnekleme yaklaşık 2,5 km yarıçaplı dairesel bir alanda, koordinatları önceden belirlenen 6 farklı noktada yapılmıştır. Bu yarıçaplı alanın çevresinde yerleşim yerleri, endüstriyel tesisler, TEM otoyolu, E-5 karayolu ve atık yakma tesisi bulunmaktadır. Belirlenen noktalar, atık yakma tesisinin kuzey, güney, doğu ve batı yönlerinde yani her bir yöndeki durumu temsil edecek şekilde seçilmiştir. 5 ve 30 cm derinliklerden alınan numunelerde öncelikle ekstraksiyon işlemi yapılmıştır. PCB ve PAH konsantrasyonları Gaz Kromatografi/Kütle Spektrometresi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Konsantrasyonlar "Toprak Kirliliği Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmeliği" (TKKY)' ndeki sınır değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Alınan numunelerde Yönetmeliğe göre sınır değerlerini aşan PCB türevlerinden bazılarının tesisin kuzey ve doğu yönünde olduğu belirlenmiştir. PAH türevleri arasında, Benzo(a)antrasen ve Benzo(a)piren'in numunelerin alındığı tüm yönlerde, Benzo(k)florantenveBenzo(b)floranten'in kuzey, doğu ve batı yönlerinde, Dibenz(a.h)antrasen'in kuzey ve batı yönlerinde, İnden(1.2.3-cd) piren'in ise batı yönünde sınır değerleri aştığı belirlenmiştirIn this study, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) andPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the soil samples taken from Alikahya, Kocaeli. For this purpose, Sampling was conducted in a circular area with a Radius of approximately 2,5 km at six points of which coordinates are determined before. There are residential places, industrial facilities, TEM highway, E-5 motorway and a waste incineration plant around the area. The soil samples were collected from north, south, east and west side of a waste incineration plant. Samples were taken from 5 to 30 cm depth within 1,25 km and 2,5 km Radius of incineration plant. PCB and PAH concentrations in the soil samples were determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The determined concentrations of these pollutants in the soil were compared with the limit values of Turkish Soil Contaminated Sites on Point Source Pollution Control and Regulation. Among the PCB derivatives, whose concentration shave exceeded the limit values of the regulation, were measured at North and east direction. Among PAH derivatives, concentrations of Benzo(a)anthracene and Benzo(a)pyrenemeasured at all directions, Benzo(k)flouranthene and Benzo(b)flouranthene measured at North and west and east directions, Dibenzo(a.h)anthracene measured at North and west directions and Indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene measured at west directions are above the limit value

Kocaeli’de evlerde, ofislerde ve okullarda iç ortam hava kalitesinin belirlenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.01.2008Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli’de farklı bölgelerde ve farklı mikroçevrelerde (ev, okul, ofis), iç ve dış ortamda yapılan örneklemeler ile aktif ve pasif örnekleme ve ölçüm teknikleri kullanılarak 2 farklı partikül fraksiyonunda (PM2.5 ve PM10) 16 ağır metal (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V ve Zn), uçucu organik bileşikler (UOB’ler), SO2, NO2 ve O3 konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, iç ortamda ölçülen konsantrasyonlarla maruziyet arasındaki ilişkiyi kurabilmek için, kişisel örnekleyiciler kullanılarak kişisel maruziyet düzeyleri de belirlenmiştir. NO2 için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam konsantrasyon oranlarının evlerde her 2 mevsimde de okullar ve ofislere nazaran yüksek bulunması evlerin iç ortamlarında NO2 kirletici kaynaklarının ofis ve okullara oranla daha baskın olduğu göstermektedir. İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’in çok altında bulunması O3 ve SO2’in dış ortam kaynaklı bir kirletici olduğunu ve iç ortamlarda önemli bir kaynağının bulunmadığını göstermektedir. PM2.5 fraksiyonundaki toprak kaynaklı elementlerin iç ve dış ortam konsantrasyonlarının yüksek düzeylerde bulunması bu elementlerin iç ortamlara taşınımının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. PM2.5 kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin As, S, V, Cu ve Cr gibi yanma kaynaklı elementler için iç ortam maruziyet düzeylerinden 2–6 kat daha yüksek olması ve bazı mevsimsel farklılıklar bulunmasına rağmen İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının genellikle 0.3–0.7 aralığında bulunması gözlenen yüksek kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinde dış ortamların etkisini göstermektedir. PM10 partikül fraksiyonunda belirlenen ağır metallerin büyük bir bölümü için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’den küçük bulunması dış ortam kirletici kaynaklarının iç ortam kirletici kaynaklarına daha baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. En yüksek UOB kirlilik düzeylerine örneklenen kişilerde rastlanırken bunu iç ortam ve dış ortam UOB kirlilik düzeyleri takip etmiştir. Her 2 mevsimde de toluen ev, ofis ve okullardaki UOB kirlilik düzeylerine en çok katkıda bulunan bileşik olurken onu etilbenzen, m,p-ksilen, stiren, nonan, hegzan, benzen, o-ksilen ve heptan bileşikleri takip etmektedir. Kentsel alanlarda elde edilen toplam UOB konsantrasyonlarının endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen değerlerle uyum içinde bulunmuştur. Trafiğin belirteci olan bileşikler (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimetilbenzen) kentsel alanlarda yüksek bulunurken petrokimyanın belirteci olan hexane ve heptane bileşikleri endüstrinin yoğun olduğu alanlarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kentsel ve endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen UOB konsantrasyonlarının sanayii ve trafikten uzak alanlarda elde edilen konsantrasyonlardan yüksek olması trafik ve sanayiinin tesbit edilen UOBlere olan katkısının ne kadar yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet kirlilik düzeylerine etki ederek hava kalitesine olumsuz yönde katkıda bulunan kirletici kaynakların belirlenmesi amacıyla Pozitif Matris Faktörizasyonu (PMF) reseptör modelleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. PMF modellemesi, korelasyon analizi, iç ortam/dış ortam oranları, mikroçevre karakteristikleri, anketler ve zaman aktivite çizelgeleri incelenen kirleticilerin en önemli emisyon kaynaklarının endüstri, trafik ve sigara kullanımı olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde yapılan çalışmalarda raporlanan düzeyler ile kıyaslanabilir olduğu bulunmuştur. Kişisel maruziyet konsantrasyonları kullanılarak çalışmada incelenen inorganik ve organik kirleticilerden kaynaklanan sağlık riski değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ev, ofis ve okullarda örneklenen kişiler için hesaplanan “Toplam Kanser Riski” ve “Toplam Tehlike İndeksi” değerleri hem ortalama konsantrasyonlar hem de en kötü senaryo göz önüne alınarak incelendiğinde en yüksek risk altında bulunan kişilerin ev hanımları olduğu bunları öğretmenler ve ofis çalışanlarının takip ettiği söylenebilir. Değerlendirme kentsel, endüstriyel, endüstri ve trafikten uzak alanlar için yapıldığında her 3 alanda da yaşayan kişilerin birbirine yakın ve yüksek kanser riski taşıdıkları söylenebilir. Aynı değerlendirme sigara kullanan ve kullanmayan kişiler için yapıldığında sigara kullanan kişilerin kullanmayanlara nazaran yaklaşık %50 daha fazla kanser riski taşıdıkları gözlenmiştir.In this study, indoor and outdoor environment samples were taken from different regions and microenvironments (home, school, office) in Kocaeli. Through active and passive sampling and measurement techniques, 16 heavy metals (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V and Zn) at 2 different particle fractions (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations were determined. Moreover, in an effort to establish the relationship between exposure and the indoor concentrations measured, personal samplers were used to determine personal exposure levels. Indoor/outdoor concentration ratios for NO2 were higher in homes than in schools or offices in both summer and winter, which shows that sources of NO2 pollutants in indoor environments of homes are more dominant than those found in offices or schools. The indoor/outdoor ratios were far below 1, indicating that O3 and SO2 are pollutants originating from outdoor environments and that they do not have significant sources in indoor environments. The presence of high levels of indoor and outdoor concentrations of crustal elements at PM2.5 fractions indicates that these elements are transported into indoor environments at high levels. PM2.5 personal exposure levels were 2–6 times higher than indoor levels for combustion-related elements such as As, S, V, Cu and Cr, and although there were some seasonal differences, the indoor/outdoor environment ratios generally ranged between 0.3–0.7 and indicated the effect of outdoor environments on the observed high personal exposure levels. The indoor/outdoor ratios for a major portion of the determined heavy metals at PM10 particle fractions were smaller than 1, showing that outdoor pollutants are more dominant than indoor pollutants. The highest VOC pollution levels were encountered in individuals in the sample, and this was followed by VOC pollution levels in indoor and outdoor environments. In both seasons, toluene levels were the highest pollutants for homes, offices and schools, followed by ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, styrene, nonane, hexane, benzene, o-xylene and heptane. Total VOC concentrations obtained from urban areas were consistent with values obtained from industrial areas. Components that are indicators of traffic (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) were measured at high levels in urban areas, while hexane and heptane components, which are indicators of petrochemistry, were recorded at high levels in high- industry areas. Moreover, VOC concentrations obtained from urban and industrial areas were higher than concentrations found in areas far from industry and traffic, which demonstrates the high contribution of traffic and industry to measured VOCs. This study investigated the summer and winter concentrations of selected pollutants and the relationship between indoor and outdoor environments. In order to determine pollutant sources that negatively contribute to air quality by affecting the degree of indoor, outdoor and personal exposures, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling technique was used, which is a multivariate statistical analysis method. PMF, correlation analyses, indoor/outdoor ratios, microenvironment characteristics, responses to questionnaires, and time activity information suggested that industry, traffic and smoking represent the main emission sources of pollutants investigated. Indoor, outdoor and personal exposure concentration values were compared to values measured in different parts of the world, thereby evaluating consistency with the observed pollution level. Based on personal exposure concentrations, an assessment was conducted concerning the health risks associated with the inorganic and organic pollutants investigated in this study. When the calculated values for “Total Health Risk” and “Total Hazard Index” for people sampled in homes, offices and schools were examined by considering both the average concentrations and the worst scenarios, it was revealed that housewives are at the highest risk, followed by teachers and office workers. An examination of urban, industrial and far from urban, industrial and traffic areas revealed that people living in all of these three areas are subjected to high cancer risks, which are at similar levels. When the same evaluation was carried out for smokers and non-smokers, it was observed that smokers have a 50% higher risk of cancer compared to non-smokers

Source Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Matters in an Urban and Industrial Areas of Turkey

Dogan, Guray/0000-0003-0481-8080; Pekey, Hakan/0000-0002-6135-7770; Pekey, Hakan/0000-0002-6135-7770; bozkurt, zehra/0000-0003-0437-4109WOS: 000353935300001Elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matters have been observed in recent years in Kocaeli, Turkey, despite improvements in pollution prevention technology that have led to a reduction in gas and particulate emissions. Local authorities should devise alternative strategies to reduce the possible health effects of a variety of pollutants that affect air quality. The objective of this study was to identify potential sources of VOCs, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in atmospheric aerosols that were collected in the highly industrialised area of Kocaeli, Turkey, during the winter and summer months by using wind directions. Samples were collected from May 2006 to January 2007, and concentrations of eight elements (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were measured using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer. Samples were analysed for thirteen VOCs, including benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, cyclohexane, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, hexane, nonane and dodecane using thermal desorption (TD) and a gas chromatography/flame ionisation detector (GC/FID). The results show that vehicular emissions, oil and coal combustions, petroleum refinery and hazardous and medical waste incinerator are the significant sources of VOCs, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Kocaeli.TUBITAK (The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey) GrantTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [104Y275]Financial support from the TUBITAK (The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey) Grant (104Y275) is gratefully acknowledged

Source Apportionment of Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Volatile Organic Compounds using Positive Matrix Factorization

The objective of this study was to identify potential sources of personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO2, SO2, and O-3 in an urban and industrial area of Turkey between May 2006 and January 2007. Personal exposures were determined once per person in 28 adults over a 24-h period. Energy dispersive Xray fluorescence and a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry were used to measure 15 elements in PM2.5, including Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V, and Zn. The VOCs benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, cyclohexane, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, hexane, heptane, nonane, octane, decane, undecane, and dodecane were measured by thermal desorption and gas chromatography/flame ionization. Application of positive matrix factorization to the data obtained suggests that motor vehicles, indoor sources, and industry represent the main emission sources of the investigated chemical species. Six major sources smoking (9 %), industry (15 %), gasoline exhaust (21 %), indoor sources (17 %), diesel exhaust (19 %), and crustal (19 %) were identified

Determination of the personal, indoor and outdoor exposure levels of inorganic gaseous pollutants in different microenvironments in an industrial city

We measured SO2, NO2 and O-3 concentrations during the summer and winter in Kocaeli, Turkey. The sampling was carried out indoors and outdoors at homes, schools and offices. Personal samplers were also used to determine personal exposures to these pollutants. High NO2 and SO2 concentrations were observed in outdoor samples collected close to locations characterized by heavy urban traffic. Concentrations of O-3, on the other hand, were higher in rural areas around the city due to ozone distillation. For both sampling periods, the concentrations of outdoor SO2 and O-3 were higher than for indoor and personal samples; however, the NO2 concentrations were higher in indoor and personal samples, indicating that outdoor sources significantly contribute to indoor SO2 and O-3 levels and that indoor NO2 concentrations are primarily modulated by sources within buildings. Seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations showed statistically significant differences. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 and SO2 measured in the winter were higher than the levels measured in the summer; O-3 concentrations, on the other hand, exhibited the opposite trend. Active-to-passive concentration ratios for NO2, SO2 and O-3 were 0.99, 1.08 and 1.16, respectively; the corresponding outdoor ratios were 0.95, 0.99 and 1.00

Determination of the personal, indoor and outdoor exposure levels of inorganic gaseous pollutants in different microenvironments in an industrial city

Pekey, Hakan/0000-0002-6135-7770; Pekey, Hakan/0000-0002-6135-7770; Dogan, Guray/0000-0003-0481-8080; dumanoglu, yetkin/0000-0003-3381-4425; bozkurt, zehra/0000-0003-0437-4109; bayram, Abdurrahman/0000-0003-3160-7967WOS: 000360313000044PubMed: 26311267We measured SO2, NO2 and O-3 concentrations during the summer and winter in Kocaeli, Turkey. The sampling was carried out indoors and outdoors at homes, schools and offices. Personal samplers were also used to determine personal exposures to these pollutants. High NO2 and SO2 concentrations were observed in outdoor samples collected close to locations characterized by heavy urban traffic. Concentrations of O-3, on the other hand, were higher in rural areas around the city due to ozone distillation. For both sampling periods, the concentrations of outdoor SO2 and O-3 were higher than for indoor and personal samples; however, the NO2 concentrations were higher in indoor and personal samples, indicating that outdoor sources significantly contribute to indoor SO2 and O-3 levels and that indoor NO2 concentrations are primarily modulated by sources within buildings. Seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations showed statistically significant differences. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 and SO2 measured in the winter were higher than the levels measured in the summer; O-3 concentrations, on the other hand, exhibited the opposite trend. Active-to-passive concentration ratios for NO2, SO2 and O-3 were 0.99, 1.08 and 1.16, respectively; the corresponding outdoor ratios were 0.95, 0.99 and 1.00.TUBITAK (The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [104Y275]Financial support from the TUBITAK (The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey) Grant (104Y275) is gratefully acknowledged