A Gauge field Induced by the Global Gauge Invariance of Action Integral

As a general rule, it is considered that the global gauge invariance of an action integral does not cause the occurrence of gauge field. However, in this paper we demonstrate that when the so-called localized assumption is excluded, the gauge field will be induced by the global gauge invariance of the action integral. An example is given to support this conclusion.Comment: 13 pages. Some typing errors are corrected and the format is update

Normal forms and linearization of resonant vector fields with multiple eigenvalues

We discuss the linearization and normal forms of resonant vector fields X(x) = Ax +a(x), where A has one double or triple eigenvalue or a pair of double eigenvalues: we present a simple way of identifying the resonant monomials that have to appear in its normal form, and also effective conditions on the nonlinearity a(x) for the resonant vector field to be linearizable.Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (FCG)Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Bounds and optimisation of orbital angular momentum bandwidths within parametric down-conversion systems

The measurement of high-dimensional entangled states of orbital angular momentum prepared by spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be considered in two separate stages: a generation stage and a detection stage. Given a certain number of generated modes, the number of measured modes is determined by the measurement apparatus. We derive a simple relationship between the generation and detection parameters and the number of measured entangled modes.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Estimating infarct severity from the ECG using a realistic heart model

The early phase of myocardial infarction is accompanied by changes in the ST segment of the ECG. This makes the ST segment the clinical marker for the detection of acute myocardial infarction. The determination of the infarct severity, location and size of the myocardial tissue at risk will support clinical decision making. In this study we used an inverse procedure to estimate the location and size of the infarcted heart region. The method estimates the local transmembrane amplitude based on the ECG amplitude near the J-point of the standard 12 leads signals using a patient specific volume conductor model. For the 5 available patient cases the positions as well as the size of the estimated infarct region were in accordance with results based on MRI

Validation of infarct size and location from the ECG by inverse body surface mapping

This paper describes the incorporation of body surface mapping algorithms to detect the position and size of acute myocardial infarctions using standard 12 lead ECG recording. The results are compared with the results from cardiac MRI scan analysis. In case patient specific volume conductor models are used, the position of the infarction could be accurately determined. When generalized patient volume conductor models were examined, the estimation of the infarct position became significantly less accurate. The calculations of the size of the infarctions need further improvement

Numerical convergence of the block-maxima approach to the Generalized Extreme Value distribution

In this paper we perform an analytical and numerical study of Extreme Value distributions in discrete dynamical systems. In this setting, recent works have shown how to get a statistics of extremes in agreement with the classical Extreme Value Theory. We pursue these investigations by giving analytical expressions of Extreme Value distribution parameters for maps that have an absolutely continuous invariant measure. We compare these analytical results with numerical experiments in which we study the convergence to limiting distributions using the so called block-maxima approach, pointing out in which cases we obtain robust estimation of parameters. In regular maps for which mixing properties do not hold, we show that the fitting procedure to the classical Extreme Value Distribution fails, as expected. However, we obtain an empirical distribution that can be explained starting from a different observable function for which Nicolis et al. [2006] have found analytical results.Comment: 34 pages, 7 figures; Journal of Statistical Physics 201

Sporting embodiment: sports studies and the (continuing) promise of phenomenology

Whilst in recent years sports studies have addressed the calls ‘to bring the body back in’ to theorisations of sport and physical activity, the ‘promise of phenomenology’ remains largely under-realised with regard to sporting embodiment. Relatively few accounts are grounded in the ‘flesh’ of the lived sporting body, and phenomenology offers a powerful framework for such analysis. A wide-ranging, multi-stranded, and interpretatively contested perspective, phenomenology in general has been taken up and utilised in very different ways within different disciplinary fields. The purpose of this article is to consider some selected phenomenological threads, key qualities of the phenomenological method, and the potential for existentialist phenomenology in particular to contribute fresh perspectives to the sociological study of embodiment in sport and exercise. It offers one way to convey the ‘essences’, corporeal immediacy and textured sensuosity of the lived sporting body. The use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is also critically addressed. Key words: phenomenology; existentialist phenomenology; interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA); sporting embodiment; the lived-body; Merleau-Pont

Global QCD Analysis and the CTEQ Parton Distributions

The CTEQ program for the determination of parton distributions through a global QCD analysis of data for various hard scattering processes is fully described. A new set of distributions, CTEQ3, incorporating several new types of data is reported and compared to the two previous sets of CTEQ distributions. Comparison with current data is discussed in some detail. The remaining uncertainties in the parton distributions and methods to further reduce them are assessed. Comparisons with the results of other global analyses are also presented.Comment: (Change in Latex style only: 2up style removed since many don't have it.) 35 pages, 23 figures separately submitted as uuencoded compressed ps-file; Michigan State Report # MSU-HEP/41024 and CTEQ 40

Availability of age-appropriate paediatric formulations in the Netherlands: The need in daily clinical practice remains

Objectives: To quantify the availability of authorised, age-appropriate paediatric medicines in clinical practice in the Netherlands and to identify gaps by assessing dispensing practice in a paediatric hospital. Methods: The availability of age-appropriate formulations was assessed by conducting a survey on the use of pharmacy compounded medicines among the paediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, and by analysing dispensing data of oral medication from the inpatient pharmacy of the largest paediatric hospital in the Netherlands. The age-appropriateness of the dispensed formulations was assessed on two aspects: dose-capability and acceptability. Liquid drug products that are unsuitable due to the presence of potentially harmful excipients, were identified based on the dosage in clinical practice. Results: For 129 out of 139 drug substances included in the survey (93%), at least one of the eight respondents stated to use a pharmacy compounded product to meet the needs of their paediatric patients. The age-appropriateness of medicines dispensed from the inpatient pharmacy increased with age, and was higher for non-intensive care unit (ICU) patients than for ICU patients. We identified 15 drug products causing excipient exposure above the European Medicines Agency-recommended values. Conclusions: This study confirms there is still a large need for age-appropriate formu