'Workshop for Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty National Focal Points in Latin America and the Caribbean’

The capacity-building Workshop for National Focal Points in Latin America and the Caribbean on Mutually Supportive Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, was held 25-28 September 2018 at the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru. The workshop was attended by over 60 participants, including National Focal Points for the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (CBD) for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty), from 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The workshop was also attended by representatives from the Secretariats of the Plant Treaty and CBD, the International Seed Federation, farmer and indigenous peoples organizations, national and international agricultural research organizations and experts from the region who have been working for decades on access and benefit-sharing policy issues. The objectives of the workshop were to: 1. Strengthen network ties between National Focal Points within each country and across the regions; 2. Analyse challenges and opportunities for implementing the Plant Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol in a mutually supportive manner, and in ways that advance complementary policy goals, such as climate change adaptation, and improving the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities; 3. Equip participants with tools to help address ‘real life’ scenarios where mutually supportive implementation is important, and 4. Identify the kinds of additional support that countries need to implement the Plant Treaty and Nagoya Protocol in mutually supportive ways

Diatomeas epifitas consumidas por adultos de abulón (Haliotis spp.) en Baja California Sur, México

ResumenCon el objetivo de elaborar la lista florística de diatomeas que son consumidas por abulones adultos, se revisaron contenidos intestinales de especímenes silvestres de abulón azul (Haliotis fulgens) y amarillo (H. corrugata), con la hipótesis de que se encontrarían principalmente formas epifitas, sobre todo de Macrocystis pyrifera. Para ello, se hicieron 7 muestreos entre marzo y septiembre de 2012 en La Bocana, BCS, México. En cada muestreo se recolectaron de 4 a 10 especímenes adultos de H. fulgens y H. corrugata. Los organismos se disecaron para extraer sus contenidos intestinales, los cuales se oxidaron con ácido nítrico y alcohol. Las diatomeas montadas con Pleurax se observaron bajo un microscopio con contraste de fases y óptica planapocromática. Así, se elaboró la primera lista florística de diatomeas consumidas por abulones adultos que incluyó 151 taxa (especies y variedades) y 2 nuevos registros para la región: Navicula johanrossi y Navicula cluthensis. Entre los 61 géneros identificados, los mejor representados fueron: Cocconeis (17 especies), Navicula (15), Amphora (15) y Nitzschia (11); la mayoría fueron formas epifitas, aunque no particularmente de M. pyrifera. La alta riqueza de especies observada confirmó que los adultos de Haliotis spp. no son selectivos al consumir diatomeas.AbstractIn order to construct the floristic list of diatoms that are grazed by adult abalone, we examined gut contents of wild specimens of green (Haliotis fulgens) and pink abalone (H. corrugata). The hypothesis that mostly epiphytic forms of diatoms, particularly those from Macrocystis pyrifera would be found in the gut contents was tested. To do that, 7 samplings were carried out between March and September (2012) at La Bocana, BCS, México. Four to ten specimens of H. fulgens and H. corrugata ranging from 96 to 173mm were collected every month approximately. These were dissected and their gut contents extracted, part of which were oxidized in a mixture of commercial alcohol and nitric acid. The cleaned diatoms were mounted on permanent slides using Pleurax mounting media. Diatoms were observed and photographed under a compound microscope with phase contrast and planapochromatic optics. The first floristic list of diatoms that are grazed by adult abalone was thus constructed. This yielded 151 taxa including species and varieties, and 2 new records for the region: Navicula johanrossi and Navicula cluthensis. The best represented among the 61 identified genera were: Cocconeis with 17 especies, Navicula (15), Amphora (15) and Nitzschia (11). These were mostly epiphytic forms, albeit not particularly of M. pyrifera. The high species richness observed confirms that adult Haliotis spp. are not selective when grazing on diatoms

La socialización del poder y de los medios de producción: desde la perspectiva peronista

Ningun

Cambios en la estructura de la asociación de diatomeas epifitas de Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) c. ag.

Con el objetivo de determinar la estructura de la asociación de diatomeas que colonizan láminas apicales de Macrocystis pyrifera en las costas de la península de Baja California y detectar sus posibles cambios temporales, se recolectaron mensualmente cuatro frondas de la especie, de febrero a agosto del 2003, en un manto en El Sauzal, Baja California. Las diatomeas de cinco láminas de cada fronda fueron tratadas y montadas en preparaciones permanentes y examinadas en términos de su número y contenido florístico. La distribución de las abundancias de la asociación concordó con el patrón general descrito para asociaciones de diatomeas (pocas especies abundantes y muchas raras). El número de taxa fue alto (171), pero la riqueza por muestra fue heterogénea y en general baja (6 -51 taxa). La diversidad y la equidad fueron bajas: H´ = 2.1 (máx = 3.8, mín = 0.3), y = J’ 0.45. Las diatomeas más abundantes fueron Rhoicosphenia genuflexa (Kützing) Medlin, Gomphonemopsis pseudexigua (Simonsen) Medlin, Tabularia investiens (W.Smith) Williams y Round y Cocconeis costata var. pacifica (Grunow) Grunow, mismas que pueden considerarse constituyentes permanentes de la asociación; R. genuflexa dominó en cinco meses; mientras que en junio prevaleció G. pseudexigua, y en febrero C. costata var. pacifica. La estructura y la composición florística de la asociación de diatomeas epifitas no variaron en láminas de diferente posición (en un intervalo hasta de 2.5 m de longitud de la fronda de Macrocystis). Las diferencias en la estructura y composición de las especies entre frondas de una misma fecha se atribuyen a la edad de las láminas; se sugiere que las más maduras exportan diatomeas que colonizan rápidamente a las láminas jóvenes. Cambios en la estructura y en los taxa de diatomeas que separan a febrero y junio se asocian con periodos de transición

A decolonial approach to innovation? Building paths towards Buen Vivir

Innovation has been central to development. Yet most assumptions around innovation stem from values derived by capitalist economies such as growth, individualism, and competition which prove to only widen inequalities and promote unsustainable environmental models of extraction and consumption. This paper explores what values and assumptions would underlie innovation in development if based on an alternative ontological and epistemological stance linked to the Andean cosmovision of Buen Vivir. We focus on the case of an Indigenous-led initiative in the Andes of Peru to highlight the underpinnings of its innovation processes. In doing so, we aim to contribute to both development studies literature and innovation studies by exposing the limitations to the accepted Western approach to innovation and exploring what decolonising innovation in development would look like

Diversidad de diatomeas en la dieta in situ de Chiton virgulatus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) de Baja California Sur, México

Although 15 species of chitons have been recorded for Bahía de La Paz, BCS, their basic ecology is poorly known. Because most chitons are grazers and preliminary observations indicate that diatoms are an important part of their diet, the aim of this study was to determine the species diversity of diatoms that are grazed upon by Chiton virgulatus Sowerby, 1840 and to determine if any feeding preference exists. In order to do so, specimens were collected in three seasons within an area of approximately 50 m2 of Balandra beach in Bahía de La Paz. One hundred and sixty two diatom taxa were identified in the gut contents of the collected specimens of C. virgulatus; 35% were epiphytes, including: 19 Cocconeis species, 15 Amphora,14 Nitzschia and 10 Achnanthes. Typical mangrove species were also common: Diploneis (9), Lyrella (4) and Mastogloia (9). The most abundant taxa were: Nitzschia frustulum var. perminuta and Achnanthes pseudogroenlandica var. phinneyi which characterize the sampled seasons. Similarity measurements indicate that the observed seasonal differences may be clouded by different microhabitat found within the sampling area. The estimated values of H´ (2.34 - 4.44) together with the species composition indicate that the benthic diatoms found in the guts of C. virgulatus represent the typical assemblages found in the environment.En Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, se han registrado quince especies de quitones pero, en general, se desconocen sus aspectos ecológicos básicos. Son principalmente herbívoros y observaciones preliminares sugieren que las diatomeas forman parte esencial de su alimentación por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de especies de diatomeas que son consumidas por Chiton virgulatus Sowerby, 1840 y si exhiben algún tipo de preferencia alimentaria. Para ello se recolectaron especímenes en tres temporadas en un área de aproximadamente 50 m2 de la playa Balandra, bahía de La Paz. En los contenidos intestinales de los especímenes recolectados de C. virgulatus se identificaron 162 taxa de diatomeas. El 35% de las diatomeas fueron formas epífitas: 19 especies de Cocconeis, 15 de Amphora, 14 de Nitzschia y 10 de Achnanthes. También encontramos especies de ambientes de manglar: Diploneis (9), Lyrella (4) y Mastogloia (9). Los taxa más abundantes fueron Nitzschia frustulum var. perminuta y Achnanthes pseudogroenlandica var. phinneyi. Las medidas de similitud entre muestras indican que las diferencias estacionales observadas pueden ser confundidas por diferencias en los microhábitats del área de muestreo. Los valores de diversidad (H´) calculados (2.34 - 4.44), junto con la composición de especies, indican que las diatomeas bentónicas en los contenidos intestinales de C. virgulatus reflejan las asociaciones típicas de su ambiente

Non-selective in situ grazing of diatoms by juvenile Green Abalone (Haliotis fulgens Philippi, 1945) in the Baja California Peninsula

For experimental or rearing purposes, young abalones are fed benthic diatoms successfully during their early life stages without considering if the diatoms provided are found in the abalone habitat, nor if grazing selectivity exists. Our aim in this study was to gather further evidence that would indicate whether young Haliotis fulgens graze diatoms in situ selectively. Thirty-four specimens of young H. fulgens were collected in a fishing site in BCS, México on two dates. We identified the diatoms in their gut contents (144 species) and determined their relative abundances. Fourteen diatoms (80% of the total abundance) were considered most important and twelve were among the most important in the diet of young abalone in BCS. The diversity values (H´) of the diatoms in their guts ranged from 1.05 to 4.47, depending on dominance, which reflected the structure of diatom assemblages in situ. The above observations and the low similarity measured between samples show that species richness and equitability are similar even if the species composition of diatoms ingested by young abalone differs between specimens. The results lead us to conclude that grazing of diatoms by young H. fulgens is non-selective, and that the structure of diatom assemblages is more important than the particular taxa in their diet

Uncommon species diversity values in epiphytic diatom assemblages of the kelp Eisenia arborea

Macroalgae are an ideal substratum for multiple species of diatoms that are ingested along with their hosts by many species of grazers including abalones (Haliotis spp.). Much of the diet of abalones along the western coast of the Baja California peninsula (Mexico) depends on blades of the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera that is heavily colonized by diatoms. Although the kelp Eisenia arborea (its ecological alternative) is an acceptable food-source for Haliotis spp., the epiphytic diatom flora living on this kelp was hitherto unknown. Thus, the association structure of the epiphytic diatoms growing on blades of E. arborea from the western coast of Baja California Sur (B.C.S.) was determined. We tested the hypothesis that the epiphytic diatom assemblages on blades of E. arborea collected at different dates would show low species diversity and taxa representing distinct stages of succession. We identified 99 diatom taxa that represent the first floristic list of diatoms living on E. arborea. Values of diversity (H´) were lower than usual and, together with an extremely high dominance of Pteroncola inane (a new record for the region), the structure of the diatom assemblage is regarded atypical, similar to those measured for assemblages from extreme environments. However, structure analysis did not permit distinction of succession stages in the epiphytic diatom assemblage

High species diversity (H´) of benthic diatoms in a coastal lagoon located within a natural protected area

The structure of benthic diatom assemblages (diversity, equitability, dominance) may be useful in assessing their ecological status in natural protected areas. Goals. To describe the structure of epipelic diatom assemblages from Laguna Guerrero Negro (LGN), a protected coastal lagoon, and test the hypothesis that H´diversity values would be higher for diatom assemblages in LGN sediments than in typical benthic diatom assemblages. Methods. Sediment samples were collected in the lagoon on November 2013, and January, March, and July 2014. Diatoms were mounted on permanent slides and examined at 1000× using phase contrast microscopy. In each slide, 500 valves were counted to compute relative abundances of each taxon, and species diversity, equitability, and dominance, using Shannon (H´), Pielou (J´), and Simpson (?) indices, respectively. Likewise, similarity between samples was measured. The calculated median value of H´ from LGN was compared to previously recorded median values to test the hypothesis that significant differences exist. Results. A total 225 diatom taxa were counted. With few exceptions, the similarity between samples was <60%. Relative abundances depict typical benthic diatom assemblages, with an average H´= 4.96 bits/taxon, and corresponding values of equitability and dominance. The median value of H´ (Md = 4.9) was significantly higher than the median value (Md = 3.7) found in previous studies. Conclusions. The structure of the epipelic diatom assemblages from LGN and their patchy distribution are similar to that of typical diatom assemblages, but with unusually high values of H´ that lead us to reject the statistical null hypothesis and thus sustain our research hypothesis

A rapid method for isolation of total DNA from pathogenic filamentous plant fungi

DNA isolation from some fungal organisms of agronomic importance is difficult because they have cell walls or capsules that are relatively unsusceptible to lysis. We have developed a fast DNA isolation protocol for Fusarium oxysporum, which causes fusarium wilt disease in more than 100 plant species, and for Pyrenochaeta terrestris, which causes pink root in onions. This protocol was based on the sodium dodecyl sulfate/ phenol method, without β-mercaptoethanol and without maceration in liquid nitrogen; it uses phenol/chloroform extraction to remove proteins and co-precipitated polysaccharides. The A260/280 absorbance ratios of isolated DNA were around 1.9, suggesting that the DNA fraction was pure and may be used for further analysis. Additionally, the A260/230 values were higher than 1.8, suggesting negligible contamination by polysaccharides. The DNA isolated by this protocol is of sufficient quality for molecular applications; this technique could be applied to other organisms that have similar substances that hinder DNA extraction