Paditif Peningkat Angka Setana Bahan Bakar Solar Yang Disintesis Dari Minyak Kelapa

To reduce NOx, SOx, HC, and particulates that produce because of using diesel fuel, can be done by increasing cetane number. One of methods is adding an additive to diesel fuel. 2-Ethyl Hexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) is a commercial additive that an organic nitrate. Making an additive in this research is used palm oil by nitration reaction that used HNO3 and H2SO4. Result of this reaction is methyl ester nitrate that has a structure looks like 2-EHN. IR spectra from research show that methyl ester nitrate is indicated by spectrum NO2 at 1635 cm-1. This result show that methyl ester nitrate can be synthesized by nitration reaction and yield is 74,84% volume. Loading 1% methyl ester nitrate to diesel fuel can increase cetane number from 44,68 to 47,49

Isolasi Metil Laurat Dari Minyak Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Baku Surfaktan Fatty Alcohol Sulfate (Fas)

Isolation of Methyl Laurate from Coconut Oil as Raw Material for Fatty Alcohol Sulfate. Methyl laurate is a rawor base material for many industries, including surfactant industries. In this research, coconut oil (VCO) istransesterified with methanol to produce methyl ester, using NaOH as the catalyst. Methyl laurate is then separated bymethod based on the difference in melting point. This research focuses at determining the effects of some variables intransesterification on the concentration of produced methyl laurate. The variables are temperature (40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC,80 oC), time of transesterification reaction (0,5 hour, 1 hour, 1,5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours), and the percent weight of thecatalyst NaOH (0,5 %, 1 %, 1,5 %, 2 %, 3 %). Research showed the concentration of methyl laurate increased,following the increased temperature, time, and percent weight of catalysts. Optimal conditions were acquired at reactiontemperature of 60oC, reaction time of 2 hours, and percent weight of the catalyst NaOH of 2 %. Laurate acid conversionto methyl laurate that yielded from optimal conditions, after the separation based on melting point, was 55,61 %

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH ORGANIK (FENOL) DAN LOGAM BERAT (Cr6+ ATAU Pt4+) SECARA SIMULTAN DENGAN FOTOKATALIS TiO2, ZnO-TiO2, DAN CdS-TiO2 1. Pendahuluan

Simultaneous Treatment of Organic (Phenol) and Heavy Metal (Cr6+ or Pt4+) Wastes over TiO2, ZnO-TiO2 andCdS-TiO2 Photocatalysts. Treatment of heavy metal (Cr6+ and Pt4+) and organic (phenol) wastes has been studied usingthe relatively new method, i.e. simultaneous photocatalytic process over TiO2 photocatalysts in the batch photoreactor.Following the photocatalytic reduction of the heavy metal wastes, recovery of Cr and Pt was carried out by precipitationand leaching method, respectively. The experimental results show that in the simultaneous photocatalytic system, thereis a synergism effect between the photocatalytic reduction of heavy metal waste (Cr6+ or Pt4+) and the oxidation oforganic waste (phenol), so that increasing the conversion of each other. Dopant of ZnO with the optimum loading (0.5wt%) could slightly increase the performance of TiO2 photocatalyst in photocatalytic treatment of the wastes. WhereasCdS dopant with the optimum loading of 1 wt% could significantly enhance the performance of TiO2 photocatalyst insimultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and phenol oxidation with the highest conversion of ≥ 97 % and 93 %, respectively.Photocatalytic reduction of Pt(IV) under 0.5%ZnO-TiO2 and 1%CdS-TiO2 photocatalysts effectively occurred with ahigh conversion (> 99 %) in 2 hours irradiation of UV. The optimum precipitation condition of Cr(III) recovery wasachieved at pH = 9, with the efficiency of recovery was 91 %. Optimum temperature of leaching process in Pt recovery was 100 oC, with the efficiency of recovery was 86 %.Keywords: photocatalysis, TiO2, phenol degradation, recovery of Cr and P

Performance Optimization of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Using Lactobacillus Bulgaricus

Electrical energy needs in Indonesia are expected to continue to rise. The use of petroleum as a source of energy still dominates, although oil reserves in Indonesia are increasingly being depleted. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative sources of sustainable energy, such as microbial fuel cell (MFC). In this study, Lactobacillus bulgaricus was used as an electricity producer in a dual-chamber MFC reactor. We investigated the maximum electrical energy by varying the bacterial optical density (OD), the operational time of MFC, the reactor volume, the electrolyte solution, and the configuration of MFC reactor. In this study, the maximum electrical energy (201.8 mW/m2) was generated at an OD of 0.5 in an MFC reactor series using potassium permanganate as the electrolyte solution

Effects of Monocarboxylic Acids and Potassium Persulfate on Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles

In this research, we studied the preparation of nanochitosan from the addition of potassium persulfate as an initiator for monomer polymerization and monocarboxylic acid—namely acetic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid—to a chitosan solution. To obtain the dried form of chitosan nanoparticles, we investigated the effects of oven and spray drying systems toward the physicochemical properties and morphology of chitosan nanoparticles. Successfully prepared chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM-EDX), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). The structures of nanochitosan prepared in different acids were quite similar based on the FTIR spectra. By increasing the concentrations of potassium persulfate, the yields of chitosan nanoparticles also increased. The concentration of potassium persulfate had a significant influence on the production of chitosan nanoparticles. The lowest concentration of potassium persulfate (0.6 mmol) did not produce an observable formation of chitosan nanoparticles. By using formic acid and potassium persulfate in various concentrations from 1.2–3.0 mmol, chitosan nanoparticles were obtained. A particle size distribution of chitosan nanoparticles was produced from a formic acid solution having a smaller size compared to others. The acidity effect of monocarboxylic acids in the formation of chitosan nanoparticles was better compared to the addition of other acids. Furthermore, synthesized chitosan nanoparticles (50–110 nm) produced from formic acid solutions have potential applications for drug carrier purposes

Kinetic Model for Triglyceride Hydrolysis Using Lipase: Review

Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food andcosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor forutilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil andwater, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that thehydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between theinterfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reactionmechanism should be considered in the model

Microbial fuel cells: a green and alternative source for bioenergy production

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) represents one of the green technologies for the production of bioenergy. MFCs using microalgae produce bioenergy by converting solar energy into electrical energy as a function of metabolic and anabolic pathways of the cells. In the MFCs with bacteria, bioenergy is generated as a result of the organic substrate oxidation. MFCs have received high attention from researchers in the last years due to the simplicity of the process, the absence in toxic by-products, and low requirements for the algae growth. Many studies have been conducted on MFC and investigated the factors affecting the MFC performance. In the current chapter, the performance of MFC in producing bioenergy as well as the factors which influence the efficacy of MFCs is discussed. It appears that the main factors affecting MFC’s performance include bacterial and algae species, pH, temperature, salinity, substrate, mechanism of electron transfer in an anodic chamber, electrodes materials, surface area, and electron acceptor in a cathodic chamber. These factors are becoming more influential and might lead to overproduction of bioenergy when they are optimized using response surface methodology (RSM)

KINETIC MODEL FOR TRIGLYCERIDE HYDROLYSIS USING LIPASE: REVIEW

Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food andcosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor forutilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil andwater, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that thehydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between theinterfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reactionmechanism should be considered in the model.Keywords: Lipase, kinetic model, enzymatic reaction mechanism, hydrolysis, triglycerid

KINETIC MODEL FOR TRIGLYCERIDE HYDROLYSIS USING LIPASE: REVIEW

Abstract Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food and cosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor for utilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil and water, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that the hydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between the interfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reaction mechanism should be considered in the model