Magnetic circuitry mutual coupling probe

Development of magnetic probe for nondestructive testing of multilayer printed circuit boards to determine existence of opens or shorts is reported. Components of probe are described and procedures for operation are discussed. Two illustrations are provided to show magnetic circuits and principles of operation

Species variations in drug metabolism : investigations on the liver microsomal hydroxylation of tryptamine and related compounds

Various tryptamines and indoles were incubated with microsomal preparations obtained from different animal species. The variation of liver microsomal indole 6-hydroxylase activity in different animals exemplifies the species dependence of the drug metabolising enzymes. Age and sex are also factors which have to be considered in studies on drug hydroxylations. Since these species variations render the extrapolation of data from animal to man difficult, a partial but direct approach would involve the use of human liver tissue for the investigations ‘in vitro’ which are necessary in the preliminary stages of the development of new drugs.peer-reviewe

Globalization, Development, and Mobility of Technical Talent: India and Japan in Comparative Perspectives

international migration, technical talent, IT industry, innovation and development, 'brain bank', India, Japan

The International Mobility of Technical Talent: Trends and Development Implications

international migration, education, government policy, human capital, skills, information services, computer

Can giant planets form by gravitational fragmentation of discs?

Gravitational fragmentation has been proposed as a mechanism for the formation of giant planets in close orbits around solar-type stars. However, it is debatable whether this mechanism can function in the inner regions (R<40 AU) of real discs. We use a newly developed method for treating the energy equation and the equation of state, which accounts for radiative transfer effects in SPH simulations of circumstellar discs. The different chemical and internal states of hydrogen and the properties of dust at different densities and temperatures (ice coated dust grains at low temperatures, ice melting, dust sublimation) are all taken into account by the new method.We present radiative hydrodynamic simulations of the inner regions of massive circumstellar discs and examine two cases: (i) a disc irradiated by a cool background radiation field (T_bgr=10K)and (ii) a disc heated by radiation from its central star (T_bgr~1/R). In neither case does the disc fragment: in the former because it cannot cool fast enough and in the latter because it is not gravitationally unstable. Our results (a) corroborate previous numerical results using different treatments for the hydrodynamics and the radiative transfer, and (b) confirm our own earlier analytic predictions. We conclude that disc fragmentation is unlikely to be able to produce giant planets around solar-type stars at radii <40 AU.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 10 pages, high-resolution available at http://www.astro.cf.ac.uk/pub/Dimitrios.Stamatellos/publications

The statistical Analysis of Star Clusters

We review a range of stastistical methods for analyzing the structures of star clusters, and derive a new measure ${\cal Q}$ which both quantifies, and distinguishes between, a (relatively smooth) large-scale radial density gradient and multi-scale (fractal) sub-clustering. Q is derived from the normalised correlation length and the normalised edge length of the minimal spanning tree for each cluster

Separate & Unequal: How Higher Education Reinforces the Intergenerational Reproduction of White Racial Privilege

Clearly class is a powerful cross-cutting factor in explaining postsecondary differences among all students. Yet, controlling for income, race matters: taken together, lower-income AfricanAmerican and Hispanic students just don't do as well as lower-income whites. We find that white students (45%) in the lower half of the family income distribution drop out of college much less frequently than African Americans (55%) and Hispanics (59%). These lower-income whites get Bachelor's degrees at nearly twice the rate of African Americans and Hispanics and obtain many fewer sub-baccalaureate degrees. In particular, African-American students get substantially more certificates.Class and race overlap and are most virulent in combination. Along with many other researchers, we find that the reason for persistent racial inequality begins with the fact that African Americans and Hispanics seem to face barriers not faced by whites. Unequal educational and career outcomes for economically disadvantaged whites can be explained with variables like family income, parental education, and peer expectations. These same variables do not fullyexplain African American and Hispanic educational and economic outcomes. Earlier research shows income effects are more fully explained by observable things, like peer group and tutoring, while differences by race are not so easy to pin down. The preponderance of evidence supports the premise that the disadvantages of race and income must be considered separately in most cases. Yes, differences in readiness and income explain differences in academic and life outcomes; but, independently, so do race and ethnicity

Uncovering the Hidden Conflicts in Securities Class Action Litigation: Lessons from the State Street Case

Courts, Congress, and commentators have long worried that stockholder plaintiffs in securities and M&A litigation and their counsel may pursue suits that benefit themselves rather than absent stockholders or the corporations in which they invest. Following congressional reforms that encouraged the appointment of institutional stockholders as lead plaintiffs in securities actions, significant academic commentary has focused on the problem of “pay to play”—the possibility that class action law firms encourage litigation by making donations to politicians with influence over institutional stockholders, particularly public sector pension funds. A recent federal securities class action in the District of Massachusetts, however, suggests that the networks of influence between class plaintiffs and their counsel are much more complex and difficult to detect. After appointing a special master to look into fee issues, the court discovered that a large class action firm had paid over $4 million in “bare referral” fees to an attorney who did little work on the case but had recommended the larger firm to a public sector pension fund “after considerable favors, political activity, money spent and time dedicated in Arkansas.” This is only one of the less-visible ways that class counsel may route benefits to class plaintiffs. Current class action processes do not routinely identify these potential conflicts of interest. Instead, they tend to surface when nonlitigants bring them to public attention. Because neither the lead plaintiff nor the defendants have a strong incentive to voluntarily address these conflicts, we propose revisions to the class certification process that would require class plaintiffs to disclose more information regarding their relationships with class counsel. We also propose that courts routinely appoint special masters or class guardians as part of the settlement approval process to ensure that class plaintiffs’ statements are subject to discovery and adversarial review

The influence of continuous vs split training protocols on endurance performance

Reports of twice daily training being used routinely by elite level endurance runners can be traced back to the 1960s. Coaches and runners have engaged in training protocols conducted during the foundational stage of training, that split the long, low intensity training (LIT) session into two sessions performed twice daily, in order to maintain volume of exercise (aligned with a single, long LIT session). Despite this, few studies to date have explored the acute physiological responses or the long-term (chronic) physiological adaptations to ‘twice daily training’. There is an assumption of parallel benefits of once daily training versus twice daily training based on total volume of exercise accumulated, however, this assumption has not been tested. The primary aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the effects of once daily and twice daily training on factors associated with running performance. Before addressing this primary aim, a comparison of a 5 km performance TT in both the laboratory and outdoor environments was made. The laboratory is commonly used a testing ground in scientific research, however, there are often questions over the ecological validity of laboratory-based trials and their transferability into a field based competitive environment. Results generated here demonstrate that there are significant performance differences in these environments. However, participants disclosed their discomfort when testing outdoors which drove the decision to limit all testing in Studies 2 and 3 exploring differences in once and twice daily training to the laboratory. Study 1 also derived four prediction equations designed to be used by athletes and coaches. Equations 1 and 2 were to predict laboratory 5 km TT times and 4 and 5 were to predict outdoor 5 km TT times. Findings from Study 2 demonstrated that in the acute setting, significant differences are seen between once daily training and twice daily training for running economy (RE) (6.4 ± 2.9 mL.kg-1.km-1) (p = 0.033), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (-0.05 ± 0) (p<0.001) and estimated fat metabolised (12.9 ± 2.4 grams) (p<0.001). Furthermore, the twice daily group did not reduce their velocity over the course of the day to the same degree as the once daily group. These differences provided a rationale for investigating twice daily training as part of a training plan. Findings from Study 3 demonstrated that when MTRs incorporate once or twice daily training as part of a six week training plan, significant differences were seen between the two groups in RER (-0.06) (p<0.001) and the estimated fat metabolised (13.3 grams) (p<0.001) during the long run. Study 3 found significant differences in RER and substrate utilization of MTRs who performed either once or twice daily training as part of a six week training plan. The twice daily group used more CHO in the second run when compared with the second half of the once daily group’s run. As CHO is the more efficient fuel source for high intensity exercise such as a 5Km runs this will have contributed to the faster speeds observed for this group. Furthermore, while both groups saw significant improvements in a 5 km after performing either once daily (-13 ± 27 seconds) or twice daily (-30 ± 20 seconds) training plans, the group conducting the twice daily training saw significantly greater improvements (p = 0.03). The findings in this research therefore demonstrate that, rather than previous suggestions that performance typically declines (Svedenhag & Sjodin, 1985) during the foundational stage of training where an increase in volume is achieved, conducting either of the once or twice daily training plans developed in Study 3 for six weeks resulted in improvements in 5 km RP