Margarine products quality monitoring using reflectance UV-VIS-SWNIR spectroscopy

Margarine is a term that can indicate any of a wide range of butter substitutes. Due to the great diversity of the raw material, margarine end-product quality characteristics are expected to be highly diversified. This article proposes the use of reflectance UV-VIS-SWNIR spectroscopy to monitor the margarine end-product quality properties. The main effort in this work was the development of a fast monitoring procedure to assess the quality of the manufactured margarines. 
The study was performed on two margarine products: regular margarine (less than 80% fat) and reduced-fat margarine (less than 60% fat). The nine product samples were collected during the production line normal operating conditions on different days. The samples had the surface cleaned in order to remove any sign of oxidized material. Then, spectra were collected by a reflectance probe normal to the sample surface. The samples temperature was recorded (10.0± 2.0ºC) and the probe-sample distance was kept constant for all the samples. The integration time was set to 40s for the collection of the five UV/VIS spectra per samples; the three VIS/NIR spectra per sample were collected using a 10s integration time.
The data analysis was performed on each product and for each spectral range independently. The spectra were normalized by its maximum intensity and the corrected for using a robust multiplicative scatter correction algorithm. A principal component analysis was performed to the pre-process spectra and the multivariate statistical process control limits were determined with bootstrap for each product/spectral range.
Results show that UV-VIS-SWNIR reflectance spectroscopy provides a quick and fast assessment of these products characteristics and thus it can be used as an indication of the overall product variability

What next? : densifying suburban Brooklyn

Includes bibliographical references.Due to the historical development of South African cities during the early 1900s, a great deal of the South African city now comprises of suburban environments. For all its negative portrayal in architectural discourse, there are also significant positive attributes to suburbia. Currently, the South African suburban condition is densifying. This process of densification means that the suburban form as we have known it is currently changing quite rapidly. We now sit in a position where we can either allow these suburban environments to evolve without architectural consideration which may exacerbate the negative aspects of suburbia, whilst undermining its positives. Alternatively, we can unpack the characteristics of suburbia with the intent of offering architectural solutions which may facilitate responsible densification whilst preserving the positives and addressing the negatives. Because such significant portions of our cities are sub urban in character - and are experiencing pressures to densify, this project asks whether it is possible to visualise a positive, healthy and responsible future suburban form. In the words of Robert Crumb, we ask ‘What’s Next?” This project proposes a simple and relatively quickly implementable architectural solution to the densification of the suburban township of Brooklyn in Pretoria over the next two to three decades. The project attempts to use the opportunity (presented by the city’s need to densify) to reconfigure the future suburban form for the better. Brooklyn is used as a casestudy through which the positive and negative characteristics of suburban environments are unpacked - and possible solutions for its future densification are proposed. Naturally, suburban environments differ from township to township. As such, this project does not look for an all-encompassing solution to the future of suburbia. Rather, it attempts to produce a critical, detailed, site-specific solution to a single suburban township. This approach acknowledges the importance of the architect in the creation of successful cities, but will hopefully stimulate the creative pursuit of solutions for - and a broader debate over the future of such enormous tracts of our South African cities - suburbia

Economical adjunction of square roots to groups

How large must an overgroup of a given group be in order to contain a square root of any element of the initial group? We give an almost exact answer to this question (the obtained estimate is at most twice worse than the best possible) and state several related open questions.Comment: 5 pages. A Russian version of this paper is at http://mech.math.msu.su/department/algebra/staff/klyachko/papers.htm V2: minor correction

Dizzjunarju u kliem ġdid

Tiswir ta' kliem ġdid minn għeruq ta' verbi Maltin -Kull min hu mħarreġ fil-kitba jistenna li malli jibda jħaddem l-ilsien Malti jsib kotba letterarji u lingwistiċi li jgħinuh bħad-dizzjunarju.N/

HUBUNGAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN KB OLEH BIDAN DESA DENGAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN AKSEPTOR KB MANDIRI DI KECAMATAN CANGKRINGAN KABUPATEN SLEMAN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2001

Latar belakang penelitian adalah kecilnya jumlah masyarakat di Kecamatan Cangkringan Kabupaten Sleman DIY yang menggunakan bidan desa dalam mendapatkan pelayanan KB (6% dari jumlah akseptor KB mandiri). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kuaitas pelayanan KB oleh bidan desa dengan tingkat kepuasan akseptor KB mandiri di Kecamatan Cangkringan Kabupaten Sleman DIY. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian survei dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi adalah akseptor KB mandiri yang pada saat penelitian sudah dan masih menggunakan bidan desa di Kecamatan Cangkringan untuk mendapatkan pelayanan KB mandiri dan bertempat tingagl tetap di daerah penelitian . sampel dengan teknik simple random sampling berjumlah 45 orang. Analisa dengan menggunakan SPSS 6.0 uji yang dipakai adalah koefisien korelsi rangking spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar responden menyatakan metode kontrasepsi sudah memadai, sikap bidan desa sudah baik, informasi kepada akseptor memadai, kondisi tempat pelayanan sudah memadai, waktu palayanan dan mekanisme palayanan lanjutan sudah baik dan sebagian besar kualitas pelayanan KB termsuk kelompok kualitas pelayanan tinggi. Sedangkan prosedur pelayanan KB sebagian besr responden menyatakantidak baik. Hasil epn dengan uji koefisien korelasi ranking spearman didapatkan hasil ada hubungan pilihan metode kontrasepsi (p=0,0001), sikap bidan desa (p=0,0001), informasi kepada akseptor (p=0,0001), kondisi pelayanan tempat (p=0,0001), kuailitas pelayanan KB oleh bidan desa (p=0,0001), mekanisme pelayanan (p=0,0001), waktu pelayanan (p=0,0001) dengan tingkat kepuasan akseptor KB mandiri. Hasil yang lain adalah tidak ada hubungan prosedur pelayanan KB oleh bidan desa dengan tingkat kepuasan akseptor KB mandiri (p=0,500). Disarankan salah satu kepada instansi terkait untuk bisa mengadakan pelatihan bidan desa dan membantu bidan desa menyiapkan alat kontrasepsi sehingga bidan desa mampu memberikan pelayanan KB sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan masyarakat. Kata Kunci: KUALIAS PELAYANAN, BIDAN DESA, TINGKAT KEPUASAN AKSEPTOR, KB MANDIR

Comparative Analysis of the FTTH Optimization Design using Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony Algorithm

Fiber to the Home (FTTH) as the promised Technology for the Broadband and Optical Era now applied widely all around the world, especially in the Modern Country. Indonesia as Developing Country having the highest potential demand for Triple Play Services, The Wide Scatter of Demand become the most barrier of Investment, High cost of Investment. Deployment Infrastructure optic (FTTH) at Telkom design by man and manual process base on experience and capability designer. This manual division process is time consuming and non-optimized which very often leads to a high design cost. Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) is a relatively recent heuristic search method whose mechanics are inspired by the swarming or collaborative behavior of biological populations. ACA is similar to the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the sense that these two evolutionary heuristics are population-based search methods. In other words, ACA and the GA move from a set of points (population) to another set of points in a single iteration with likely improvement using a combination of deterministic and probabilistic rules. The GA and its many versions have been popular in academia and the industry mainly because of its intuitiveness, ease of implementation, and the ability to effectively solve highly nonlinear, mixed integer optimization problems that are typical of complex engineering systems. The drawback of the GA is its expensive computational cost. This paper attempts to examine the claim that ACA has the same effectiveness (finding the true global optimal solution) as the GA but with significantly better computational efficiency (less function evaluations) by implementing statistical analysis and formal hypothesis testing. The performance comparison of the GA and ACA is implemented using a set of FTTH design.” This paper proposes a comparative analysis Genetic and Ant Colony Algorithm method to optimize routes of distributions from Optical Distribution Cabinet (odc) to optical distribution points (odp) satisfying given constraints. Each sub-area is served by one optical distribution cabinet (odc) containing the optical splitters and maximum capable handle 12 to 24 of distribution cable with full capacity of 144 or 288 cores ODP. In this paper, we focus on how Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony Algorithm Optimization method can be employed to solve this problem effectively. The outcome from this study optimization path route placement of odp compared to the implemented project, optimization using GA or ACA process give the same result 1,91% for 3 and 5 odp, but for more than 9 odp give different result, ACA give result shorter distribution cable length (lowest distribution attenuation) rather than GA with positive increasing: 3% for 9 odp, 4% for 24 odp, 14% for 74 odp and 23% for 144 odp, Differential between optimization using ACA and GA nearly exponential. Key word : FTTH, Genetic Algoritm, Optimizing, TSP, Ant Colony Algorith